Full Transcript
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G38PlJ2wAqo
[00:00] and welcome to your practices webinar.
[00:03] and welcome to your practices webinar series on advanced packaging.
[00:05] series on advanced packaging specifically for advanced photonics.
[00:08] specifically for advanced photonics packaging.
[00:08] packaging I'm Ramsey Selene the uro practice lead.
[00:11] I'm Ramsey Selene the uro practice lead at Tyndall National Institute we're at.
[00:13] at Tyndall National Institute we're at endo we focus on system integration and.
[00:16] endo we focus on system integration and advanced photonics packaging in the.
[00:18] advanced photonics packaging in the scope of Europe practice this webinar.
[00:21] scope of Europe practice this webinar continues on the series where we step.
[00:24] continues on the series where we step into the world of advanced photonics.
[00:25] into the world of advanced photonics packaging in the first episode we.
[00:28] packaging in the first episode we introduced the topic of photonics.
[00:31] introduced the topic of photonics packaging what it is and why why we need.
[00:33] packaging what it is and why why we need it and today's episode we'll go deeper.
[00:37] it and today's episode we'll go deeper into into that world into the world of.
[00:39] into into that world into the world of photonics packaging and we'll look at.
[00:41] photonics packaging and we'll look at the packaging design rules best.
[00:43] the packaging design rules best practices and the most common pitfalls.
[00:45] practices and the most common pitfalls and mistakes things to avoid but Before.
[00:48] and mistakes things to avoid but Before we jump into it and just to get you.
[00:50] we jump into it and just to get you familiar with the zoom platform as some.
[00:52] familiar with the zoom platform as some of you might have already used it there.
[00:54] of you might have already used it there is a Q&A section so if you have.
[00:58] is a Q&A section so if you have questions it's probably better than the.
[01:00] questions it's probably better than the even in the chat screen and you can turn.
[01:02] even in the chat screen and you can turn your questions there and we'll collect.
[01:05] your questions there and we'll collect them and answer the questions in a.
[01:09] them and answer the questions in a dedicated Q&A session after the talk.
[01:12] dedicated Q&A session after the talk then without any further delay let me.
[01:15] then without any further delay let me introduce you to my co-hosts and speaker.
[01:18] introduce you to my co-hosts and speaker today dr. Francesco Flores head of the.
[01:21] today dr. Francesco Flores head of the training programs at International.
[01:23] training programs at International Institute who will be talking you.
[01:25] Institute who will be talking you through the packaging design rules over.
[01:27] through the packaging design rules over to Francesco thanks Samson so hi.
[01:32] to Francesco thanks Samson so hi everybody well today I want just to.
[01:36] everybody well today I want just to introduce you a couple of let's say.
[01:39] introduce you a couple of let's say basic rules that we call the packaging.
[01:41] basic rules that we call the packaging design rules and even if they are basic.
[01:45] they are basic they are really fundamental the main.
[01:48] they are really fundamental the main reason why they are fundamental is that.
[01:50] reason why they are fundamental is that they ensure that your photonic.
[01:53] they ensure that your photonic integrated circuit is compatible with.
[01:56] integrated circuit is compatible with our packaging designs procedures and.
[01:59] our packaging designs procedures and machines inside the lab so the first.
[02:02] machines inside the lab so the first step to join us and to apply these.
[02:06] step to join us and to apply these design rules also in your packaging.
[02:10] design rules also in your packaging design is using the packaging.
[02:13] design is using the packaging rules that you can find with the Viera.
[02:16] rules that you can find with the Viera practice and I will show you mainly the.
[02:21] practice and I will show you mainly the optical connections so what are the.
[02:23] optical connections so what are the rules that you should follow from the.
[02:25] rules that you should follow from the optical point of view and just one int.
[02:29] optical point of view and just one int about the electrical connections I will.
[02:31] about the electrical connections I will talk about that on pads for DC.
[02:34] talk about that on pads for DC connections then I will show you which.
[02:38] connections then I will show you which are the rules that we use to design.
[02:40] are the rules that we use to design which say properly the PCBs which means.
[02:44] which say properly the PCBs which means that we do not have any problem in order.
[02:47] that we do not have any problem in order to attach the fiber or wire bonds or.
[02:50] to attach the fiber or wire bonds or whatever type of connection you need to.
[02:53] whatever type of connection you need to interact and use you know photonic.
[02:56] interact and use you know photonic integrated circuit then a short overview.
[03:00] integrated circuit then a short overview of a couple of design packaging options.
[03:03] of a couple of design packaging options mainly edge coupling and grating.
[03:06] mainly edge coupling and grating coupling then an example of what is a coupling.
[03:09] then an example of what is a fully packaged model so a solution it is an of the cell solution then final.
[03:12] fully packaged model so a solution it is an of the cell solution then final.
[03:16] device and some twosome dozen something that will help you to let's say have a better result regarding your device and.
[03:19] that will help you to let's say have a better result regarding your device and.
[03:22] better result regarding your device and in the end it has already Ramsey introduce you the Q&A session so first.
[03:25] in the end it has already Ramsey introduce you the Q&A session so first.
[03:28] step is design rules where you can find them online just go on the your practice website and you can download for free.
[03:32] them online just go on the your practice website and you can download for free our document inside what you can find.
[03:34] our document inside what you can find mainly it's about how you can place properly grating cutters or DC bonds.
[03:38] mainly it's about how you can place properly grating cutters or DC bonds something about your arrangement or F bonds then be availability of fiber.
[03:41] something about your arrangement or F bonds then be availability of fiber bonds then be availability of fiber erase again you will choose between.
[03:46] erase again you will choose between.
[03:50] mainly it's about how you can place properly grating cutters or DC bonds.
[03:53] properly grating cutters or DC bonds something about your arrangement or F bonds then be availability of fiber.
[03:57] something about your arrangement or F bonds then be availability of fiber bonds then be availability of fiber erase again you will choose between.
[04:01] erase again you will choose between.
[04:05] erase again you will choose between different geometries for the coupling of.
[04:08] different geometries for the coupling of the light in and out of your picture.
[04:10] the light in and out of your picture then the so called optical shunter there.
[04:14] then the so called optical shunter there is a specific circuit super easy that we.
[04:17] is a specific circuit super easy that we use to align the optical fiber eraser.
[04:20] use to align the optical fiber eraser with your pic then we use an epoxy to.
[04:24] with your pic then we use an epoxy to glue and secure.
[04:27] glue and secure fibers on top of the optical champ.
[04:31] fibers on top of the optical champ and on top of your photonic integrated.
[04:32] and on top of your photonic integrated circuit so what is the epoxy and why is.
[04:36] circuit so what is the epoxy and why is so crucial to know the basics at least.
[04:39] so crucial to know the basics at least of how to use it and then again best.
[04:41] of how to use it and then again best practices suggestions and whatever you.
[04:44] practices suggestions and whatever you need to contact us the first step is.
[04:47] need to contact us the first step is packaging design rules the zero or the.
[04:50] packaging design rules the zero or the rule is we define a compass like.
[04:54] rule is we define a compass like coordinate system that we use to label.
[04:57] coordinate system that we use to label the kicker in this way for example we.
[05:00] the kicker in this way for example we can define specific areas on the.
[05:03] can define specific areas on the photonic integrated circuit just calling.
[05:05] photonic integrated circuit just calling them the north south east and west site.
[05:08] them the north south east and west site and for example our standard.
[05:12] and for example our standard procedures and rules like that on North.
[05:18] procedures and rules like that on North Side have the electrical connections.
[05:22] Side have the electrical connections only for the wire money you can have up.
[05:24] only for the wire money you can have up the center the electrical interface for.
[05:26] the center the electrical interface for the flip chip if you want to use flip.
[05:28] the flip chip if you want to use flip chip to connect your peak on top of your.
[05:31] chip to connect your peak on top of your maybe electronic integrated circuit or.
[05:33] maybe electronic integrated circuit or directly to the PCB and then on the east.
[05:36] directly to the PCB and then on the east and west side you have the optical.
[05:37] and west side you have the optical interfaces as I told you before we use a.
[05:42] interfaces as I told you before we use a specific system that is called optical.
[05:45] specific system that is called optical shunt to align the fiber arrays on top.
[05:48] shunt to align the fiber arrays on top of the picture this is just the.
[05:51] of the picture this is just the connection through a web guide of the.
[05:54] connection through a web guide of the first end of the last braking coupler of.
[05:56] first end of the last braking coupler of your serious of rating couplers so when.
[05:59] your serious of rating couplers so when you have an array of braking couplers we.
[06:01] you have an array of braking couplers we just use the first and the last one to.
[06:04] just use the first and the last one to align the entire fiber array on top of.
[06:08] align the entire fiber array on top of the series of your braking couplers this
[06:11] the series of your braking couplers this is fundamental because we can just take
[06:14] is fundamental because we can just take care of the alignment on the external
[06:16] care of the alignment on the external grating couplers and we are sure that
[06:18] grating couplers and we are sure that all the other grating couplers are
[06:20] all the other grating couplers are perfectly aligned with respect to the
[06:22] perfectly aligned with respect to the core of the fiber the same concept can
[06:25] core of the fiber the same concept can be also apply for a chaplain from the
[06:28] be also apply for a chaplain from the practical point of view this means that
[06:30] practical point of view this means that when you choose the fiber array two
[06:33] when you choose the fiber array two lines cannot be used for the specific
[06:37] lines cannot be used for the specific purposes of your circuit for example if
[06:40] purposes of your circuit for example if you want to use 8 or 14 channels you
[06:45] you want to use 8 or 14 channels you need to buy a 10 or 16 total channel
[06:48] need to buy a 10 or 16 total channel fiber arrays this is because as I told
[06:50] fiber arrays this is because as I told you before we need to on the total
[06:53] you before we need to on the total channels to be used to align the optical
[06:56] channels to be used to align the optical fibers with respect to the plating
[06:58] fibers with respect to the plating couplers or edge couplers the other from
[07:02] couplers or edge couplers the other from the mental aspect is the epoxy the epoxy
[07:05] the mental aspect is the epoxy the epoxy is let's say like a glue and we use the
[07:09] is let's say like a glue and we use the epoxy to glue thick and secure the fiber.
[07:12] epoxy to glue thick and secure the fiber arrays with respect to the grating.
[07:14] arrays with respect to the grating couplers or the edge couplers.
[07:16] couplers or the edge couplers you can also use the epoxy for example.
[07:19] you can also use the epoxy for example to protect your monster delicate.
[07:21] to protect your monster delicate photonic components but from the other.
[07:23] photonic components but from the other side you have to pay attention because.
[07:25] side you have to pay attention because maybe.
[07:26] maybe covering something could be not the.
[07:29] covering something could be not the right choice imagine for example if you.
[07:31] right choice imagine for example if you blew a laser obviously the temperature.
[07:34] blew a laser obviously the temperature could increase so pay attention and be.
[07:37] could increase so pay attention and be sure that you are respecting a specific.
[07:41] sure that you are respecting a specific area all around your grating coupler or.
[07:45] area all around your grating coupler or edge coupler erase that we can use to.
[07:47] edge coupler erase that we can use to spread the epoxy Francesco just before.
[07:52] spread the epoxy Francesco just before we switch to the next slide I think.
[07:54] we switch to the next slide I think there's a clicking from your side okay.
[07:58] there's a clicking from your side okay okay maybe there's the mouse or the.
[08:00] okay maybe there's the mouse or the keyboard and okay thanks and okay so.
[08:06] keyboard and okay thanks and okay so some example of designs that you should.
[08:10] some example of designs that you should avoid in this case for example you can avoid in this case for example you can see that in a and B you are just not see that in a and B you are just not respecting the opposite side for the respecting the opposite side for the optical connections with respect to the optical connections with respect to the DC one in this case what happen is that DC one in this case what happen is that the design rules are not respected so the design rules are not respected so I'm not saying that for example is not I'm not saying that for example is not possible to package your system the possible to package your system the problem is that we can't use immediately problem is that we can't use immediately by default our standard this means that by default our standard this means that we need time to understand if the we need time to understand if the customization is reasonable and this customization is reasonable and this means more costs as I told you at the beginning just one inter regarding the beginning just one inter regarding the electrical connection we asked you to electrical connection we asked you to use the same concept for the electric use the same concept for the electric connection so that part is placement let.
[09:10] connection so that part is placement let me use for the grating Cutler's or the
[09:13] me use for the grating Cutler's or the edge coupler so place the thoughts on a
[09:16] edge coupler so place the thoughts on a line and ensure that the distance
[09:19] line and ensure that the distance between the parts of the duty cycle is
[09:21] between the parts of the duty cycle is at least 150 microns keep the distance
[09:25] at least 150 microns keep the distance between the edge of the peak and the
[09:27] between the edge of the peak and the bond parts between 50 and 500 microns
[09:31] bond parts between 50 and 500 microns and be sure that the surface of the
[09:34] and be sure that the surface of the Pampas is enough for the solder just
[09:38] Pampas is enough for the solder just without covering the nearest part the
[09:48] without covering the nearest part the result is if you for example add the PCB
[09:51] result is if you for example add the PCB you have as you can see in this case on
[09:55] you have as you can see in this case on the north and south of your peak the
[09:59] the north and south of your peak the bomb parts for DC connections in this
[10:02] bomb parts for DC connections in this case we place also the serial cable to
[10:05] case we place also the serial cable to interact with the electrical circuits on
[10:08] interact with the electrical circuits on your beaker on the south side in this
[10:11] your beaker on the south side in this case you see that the disposition of the.
[10:14] case you see that the disposition of the electronic connections is immediately.
[10:17] electronic connections is immediately clear and you can without any problem.
[10:22] clear and you can without any problem get access today but in order to make.
[10:25] get access today but in order to make the sword rings in addition on the west.
[10:29] the sword rings in addition on the west and inside you can see the optical.
[10:31] and inside you can see the optical connections in this case we are using to.
[10:35] connections in this case we are using to test or cold or example fiber arrays and.
[10:38] test or cold or example fiber arrays and I will show you later on the difference.
[10:40] I will show you later on the difference between this geometry and the other that.
[10:43] between this geometry and the other that is the so called vertical so the first.
[10:47] is the so called vertical so the first option that we can give you is the.
[10:51] option that we can give you is the so-called edge coupling in this case you.
[10:55] so-called edge coupling in this case you can choose between two different types.
[10:57] can choose between two different types of fibers the cheapest one and most use.
[11:00] of fibers the cheapest one and most use one that is the so-called SMF fiber in a.
[11:04] one that is the so-called SMF fiber in a here on the left is a standard fiber in.
[11:08] here on the left is a standard fiber in this case you can just inject the light.
[11:11] this case you can just inject the light on one side and collect the light on the.
[11:13] on one side and collect the light on the other side but you have no control for other side but you have no control for example on the polarization state of your beam the second option indeed here on the right is the so called EMF fiber.
[11:24] in this case the polarization maintaining fiber is a specific fiber that can maintain the polarization of the state so of your beam while is travelling inside your fiber in this case it's really important because unfortunately each coupler is not sensitive to te or TM modes so we cannot be screening de Conti M if you need for example a specific orientation for the polarization of your life you need to choose the PM fiber if you want to use H coupling as coupling scheme with your peak the second option is resort to grating Cutler's in this case creating couplers are sensitive to te and TM modes and you have to design properly.
[12:17] modes and you have to design properly your grating couplers when you ask for your grating couplers.
[12:19] When you ask for the grating couplers you have to explicitly say if you need a TE or TM.
[12:26] Define grating coupler so in this case the only different is regarding the geometry for grating couplers.
[12:31] You use only single mode fiber you don't need a polarizing maintaining fiber.
[12:38] The main difference is from the mechanical point of view so you can have two geometries.
[12:44] The first one A is the so called vertical alignment so you have a fiber that is vertically placed on top of the grating cutter.
[12:53] In the second case using total internal reflection you can place your grating coupler or example on top of the file on top of the grating Cutler.
[13:02] This game is called or example fiber coupling and it's actually the one that you can see here on the left from a mechanical point of view.
[13:12] This is advantageous because in the vertical
[13:17] advantageous because in the vertical cases you have to work and obviously the
[13:20] cases you have to work and obviously the promise that the risk of breaking the
[13:22] promise that the risk of breaking the fiber is really high if you imagine to
[13:26] fiber is really high if you imagine to see the shape the final shape of your
[13:30] see the shape the final shape of your model it's something that can be what
[13:32] model it's something that can be what you are seeing now so you have a
[13:34] you are seeing now so you have a specific sub mode you can also have has
[13:37] specific sub mode you can also have has in this case attack good so you have a
[13:40] in this case attack good so you have a thermoelectric system that enables you
[13:43] thermoelectric system that enables you to control stabilize or reduce the
[13:46] to control stabilize or reduce the temperature
[13:47] temperature if for example you also have active
[13:50] if for example you also have active components creating heat and increasing
[13:52] components creating heat and increasing the temperature on your picture and
[13:55] the temperature on your picture and again as you can see you have on the
[13:58] again as you can see you have on the north and south side of your P
[14:01] north and south side of your P and peaceably that you see electrical
[14:04] and peaceably that you see electrical connection and on the east and west side
[14:06] connection and on the east and west side you have the optical connections this is
[14:10] you have the optical connections this is the shape of the most general typical
[14:13] the shape of the most general typical device that we can do in this case it's
[14:16] device that we can do in this case it's a little bit more complicated because we
[14:17] a little bit more complicated because we also are considering pair F so not only.
[14:22] also are considering pair F so not only that we see and we have the tech we have.
[14:25] that we see and we have the tech we have the external box then we have the pitch.
[14:27] the external box then we have the pitch place of the center you can see north.
[14:30] place of the center you can see north and south the DC electrical connection.
[14:34] and south the DC electrical connection in this case we also add on the east.
[14:36] in this case we also add on the east side the RF connectors we connect.
[14:39] side the RF connectors we connect through wire bonds the peak to the.
[14:43] through wire bonds the peak to the external world and on the west side edge.
[14:46] external world and on the west side edge coupling fiber arrays the reason why we.
[14:55] coupling fiber arrays the reason why we ask you to let's say followed as much as.
[15:01] ask you to let's say followed as much as you can the rules that we show you it's.
[15:03] you can the rules that we show you it's just because it's better to know in.
[15:06] just because it's better to know in advance that your feet curves package'.
[15:08] advance that your feet curves package' ball and let's say without resorting to.
[15:12] ball and let's say without resorting to stranger fancy and some time critical.
[15:15] stranger fancy and some time critical ways to connect your speak to the.
[15:18] ways to connect your speak to the external world well let's say it's just external world.
[15:21] well let's say it's just easier and better well from C I hope I was able to cover all the basic rules.
[15:28] easier and better well from C I hope I was able to cover all the basic rules that we have in our Lister yeah thank you very very much for that now it's covered quite a lot there it's very interesting as well but before we jump into the Q&A session this I see some questions already coming in a let me tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:33] was able to cover all the basic rules that we have in our Lister yeah thank you very very much for that now it's covered quite a lot there it's very interesting as well but before we jump into the Q&A session this I see some questions already coming in a let me tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:37] that we have in our Lister yeah thank you very very much for that now it's covered quite a lot there it's very interesting as well but before we jump into the Q&A session this I see some questions already coming in a let me tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:39] you very very much for that now it's covered quite a lot there it's very interesting as well but before we jump into the Q&A session this I see some questions already coming in a let me tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:43] covered quite a lot there it's very interesting as well but before we jump into the Q&A session this I see some questions already coming in a let me tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:45] interesting as well but before we jump into the Q&A session this I see some questions already coming in a let me tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:48] into the Q&A session this I see some questions already coming in a let me tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:51] questions already coming in a let me tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:54] tell you my mower got coming up in the next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[15:56] next few weeks as well over the course of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[16:01] of the weeks so this is a webinar series of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[16:05] of multiple episodes and we'll be looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[16:06] looking at things that in future episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[16:11] episodes of pick it pick and fiber attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[16:13] attached is how to optimize your wave guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[16:15] guide to your fiber thermal implications but also looking at.
[16:19] thermal implications but also looking at optimization techniques some data.
[16:21] optimization techniques some data analysis and also interview in some.
[16:24] analysis and also interview in some technology leaders as well so there's a.
[16:26] technology leaders as well so there's a lot going on over the next few weeks and.
[16:28] lot going on over the next few weeks and in fact to keep up to date a good place.
[16:31] in fact to keep up to date a good place to start is following your practice on.
[16:33] to start is following your practice on LinkedIn so you can get to see the the.
[16:36] LinkedIn so you can get to see the the latest updates and but in terms of the.
[16:41] latest updates and but in terms of the next episode so today we're kind of just.
[16:44] next episode so today we're kind of just talking about ok so if the episode 1.
[16:47] talking about ok so if the episode 1 talked about the general packaging now.
[16:49] talked about the general packaging now episode 2 is kind of specific now about.
[16:52] episode 2 is kind of specific now about your layout constraints so giving you.
[16:56] your layout constraints so giving you ideas of how the layout is orientated in.
[16:59] ideas of how the layout is orientated in your design and then going in a bit.
[17:02] your design and then going in a bit further even further we'll be looking.
[17:04] further even further we'll be looking now next in the next episode about fiber.
[17:07] now next in the next episode about fiber to pick specifically in the next episode.
[17:09] to pick specifically in the next episode edge coupling and the episode after that.
[17:11] edge coupling and the episode after that we'll be on grating couplers and bit for.
[17:15] we'll be on grating couplers and bit for example the edge coupling will be in two.
[17:17] example the edge coupling will be in two weeks time so on the 21st of April and.
[17:20] weeks time so on the 21st of April and at same time same place a bit to keep up.
[17:23] at same time same place a bit to keep up to date you can check the Europe actus.
[17:25] to date you can check the Europe actus website you can the webinars will also.
[17:29] website you can the webinars will also be available on our YouTube channel so.
[17:32] be available on our YouTube channel so you can go and subscribe to you don't.
[17:35] you can go and subscribe to you don't practice YouTube channel but again like.
[17:36] practice YouTube channel but again like I say some for the up-to-date on.
[17:39] I say some for the up-to-date on LinkedIn is one of the best places as.
[17:41] LinkedIn is one of the best places as well so follow us on LinkedIn.