# Why is Germany a Country? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjPJQeClSlY Translation: zh-CN [00:00] How was Germany formed during Medieval Times? 德国在中世纪时期是如何形成的？ [00:03] The lands of Germany were scattered in hundreds of pieces and looked like this: counties, duchies, kingdoms, principalities, and free Imperial cities, all packed together in the strangest political structure of medieval Europe. 德国的土地散落成数百块，看起来像这样：郡、公国、王国、侯国和自由帝国城市，全都挤在中世纪欧洲最奇特的政治结构中。 [00:23] This so-called Empire changed its shape multiple times and took part in external and internal military conflicts. 这个所谓的帝国多次改变其形态，并参与了外部和内部的军事冲突。 [00:31] One of the entities, Prussia, grew in the next centuries through diplomacy, political unions, and wars, by the end of the 18th century becoming one of the most powerful German kingdoms. 其中一个实体——普鲁士——在接下来的几个世纪中通过外交、政治联盟和战争发展壮大，到18世纪末成为最强大的德意志王国之一。 [00:47] During the Napoleonic Wars, what was left of the Holy Roman Empire was dismantled, and after the Peace of Vienna, Prussia expanded and became part of the new Confederation of German states. 在拿破仑战争期间，神圣罗马帝国的残余被瓦解，维也纳和会后，普鲁士扩张并成为新的德意志邦联的一部分。 [00:59] The next year represented revolutions across. 接下来的一年代表了各地的革命。 [01:01] Europe the idea of removing the old political structures and creating the new nation states was envisioned all across the German Confederation. 在欧洲，移除旧政治结构并创建新民族国家的想法在整个德意志邦联中被设想出来。 [01:12] Many started to think about a single German Nation, but not many wanted to give up power so fast. 许多人开始思考一个单一的德意志民族，但没多少人愿意如此迅速地放弃权力。 [01:22] The German unification will happen through a series of Wars carefully planned and executed by Prussia. 德国统一将通过一系列由普鲁士精心策划和执行的战争来实现。 [01:32] Stick with us until the end. 请一直跟随我们直到最后。 [01:35] Despite the long-forgotten nature and complexity of the matter, let's try to understand what exactly caused the Great powers of Denmark and Prussia to end up in back-to-back Wars against one another. 尽管此事早已被遗忘且复杂，让我们试着理解究竟是什么导致丹麦和普鲁士这两大强国接连发生战争。 [01:50] First, we need to try to understand the root of it all: the Schleswig-Holstein question. 首先，我们需要试着理解这一切的根源：石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因问题。 [01:56] This was a diplomatic dispute between the powers of the Kingdom of Denmark and the contemporary German. 这是丹麦王国与当代德国势力之间的一场外交争端。 [02:02] Confederation relating to the duchies of Schleig and Holstein over the years. 多年来与施莱格和荷尔斯泰因公国相关的邦联。 [02:05] The Duchy of Slesvig had long been a part of Denmark or under its crown in one way or another. 石勒苏益格公国长期以来一直是丹麦的一部分，或以某种方式处于其王权之下。 [02:15] Meanwhile, the Duchy of Holstein had been a part of the puzzle pieced Holy Roman Empire for a good while. 与此同时，荷尔斯泰因公国在相当长一段时间内一直是拼凑起来的神圣罗马帝国的一部分。 [02:25] Nonetheless, beginning in 1460, both duchies were under the command of the same duke, who just so happens to be the king of Denmark, thanks to the Treaty of Ribe. 尽管如此，从1460年开始，由于里伯条约，两个公国都受同一位公爵指挥，而这位公爵恰好是丹麦国王。 [02:40] One particular chunk of this treaty would later haunt the Danes, though. 然而，该条约中有一个特定部分后来困扰着丹麦人。 [02:43] This was a line that implied, under German interpretation, that from that point on, the two duchies must remain forever undivided. 这是一条根据德国解释暗示的条款，即从那时起，这两个公国必须永远保持不可分割。 [02:56] This heavily controversial interpretation would start to become significant after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the formation of... 这一极具争议的解释在神圣罗马帝国解体及……形成后开始变得重要。 [03:04] The German Confederation which included the territory of Holstein by this point much of Holstein and Schleig had become ethnically German. 德意志邦联此时已包括荷尔斯泰因的领土，荷尔斯泰因和石勒苏益格的大部分地区在民族上已变成德意志人。 [03:18] So when King Frederick VII of Denmark announced to the people of Schleig that the duchy was to become even more closely tied to his kingdom, many of its citizens rebelled. 因此，当丹麦国王弗雷德里克七世向石勒苏益格人民宣布该公国将与其王国更加紧密地联系在一起时，许多公民起义反抗。 [03:29] Numerous of these people who were ethnic Germans wanted to see both duchies push further away from Denmark and closer to the German Confederation instead. 这些民族为德意志人的众多民众希望看到这两个公国进一步远离丹麦，反而更接近德意志邦联。 [03:40] The political systems within the Kingdom of Denmark and the Schleswig and Holstein duchies appeared to differ notably, and many Danes were concerned by Holstein's membership in the German Confederation and its potential interference in Danish affairs. 丹麦王国与石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因公国内的政治体系似乎显著不同，许多丹麦人担心荷尔斯泰因在德意志邦联中的成员身份及其对丹麦事务的潜在干涉。 [03:59] Additionally, there were growing ethnic and linguistic divides throughout the duchies, which were only accentuated. 此外，整个公国内民族和语言的分歧日益加剧，这只会更加突出。 [04:05] By the growing nationalism on both sides, 随着双方民族主义的增长， [04:08] as tensions and dissatisfaction grew, 随着紧张局势和不满情绪的加剧， [04:11] the newfound Schleswig-Holstein question eventually led to the first round of full-blown military conflict. 新出现的石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因问题最终导致了第一轮全面军事冲突。 [04:23] The first straw appears to have been when King Frederick in 1848 was asked to recognize the joint Schleswig-Holstein state that had been described in the earlier treaty, 第一根导火索似乎是1848年腓特烈国王被要求承认早期条约中描述的联合石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因州， [04:34] and he ultimately declined to do so. 而他最终拒绝了。 [04:38] His reasoning was that, even though he recognized the right of Holstein to exist within the German Confederation, 他的理由是，尽管他承认荷尔斯泰因在德意志邦联内存在的权利， [04:43] he far from wanted to see the same thing happen to Schleswig, 但他远不希望看到同样的事情发生在石勒苏益格， [04:48] which prompted him to state that he simply lacks the power, the right, or the wish to see Schleswig unite with Holstein as a German state. 这促使他声明，他根本没有权力、权利或意愿看到石勒苏益格与荷尔斯泰因联合成为一个德意志国家。 [05:01] This was not taken well, nor lightly, by those who had made the request. 提出请求的人对此既不满也不轻视。 [05:04] A rebellion then followed. 随后发生了叛乱。 [05:07] Defiant citizens of Schleig and Holstein were able to win over support from the troops of the Rensburg Fortress after marching there with their own growing militia. 施莱格和荷尔斯泰因的叛逆公民们带着自己不断壮大的民兵队伍行进到伦斯堡要塞，成功赢得了那里驻军的支持。 [05:21] While some Danish troops at the fortress refused to join the cause, they made a deal to return to Denmark and refrain from joining the counter-offensive. 尽管要塞中的一些丹麦军队拒绝加入这一事业，但他们达成协议返回丹麦，并不参与反攻。 [05:28] Although there was not much of a way for the Schv Holstein rebels to really enforce this, regardless, the rebels marched next to the city of Fenor, which they swiftly occupied. 尽管施莱格-荷尔斯泰因叛军几乎没有真正执行这一协议的办法，但无论如何，叛军还是行进到费诺尔城附近，并迅速占领了该城。 [05:44] While this success came early, it was short-lived, and the Schleig Holsteiners were soon chased out by the responding Danish troops, who came out victorious at the Battle of B less than 2 weeks after the initial occupation. 尽管这一胜利来得很快，但却是短暂的；施莱格-荷尔斯泰因人很快就被前来应战的丹麦军队赶走，丹麦军队在初次占领后不到两周的B战役中取得了胜利。 [06:00] Still, the Germans were unwilling to see their friends fail, and Prussian troops were quickly sent in to support the rebels. 然而，德国人不愿看到他们的盟友失败，普鲁士军队迅速被派去支援叛军。 [06:05] The Battle of Schg on. 施格战役。 [06:09] April 23rd a couple of weeks following the Battle of B resulted in a Prussian Triumph. 4月23日，在B战役结束几周后，普鲁士取得了胜利。 [06:16] A series of successes followed for the Germans, but the Danes eventually turned the tide by the Battle of Sunev in May. 德国人随后取得了一系列成功，但丹麦人最终在五月的苏内夫战役中扭转了局势。 [06:24] And seems to have regained the upper hand from that point on. 并且似乎从那时起重新占据了上风。 [06:30] Now with defeat after defeat and complete opposition from the rest of Europe, the Germans were forced to consider negotiation. 如今，随着接连的失败和来自欧洲其他国家的全面反对，德国人被迫考虑谈判。 [06:40] The Danes contrarily rejected the demands made by the opposing belligerent and broke off diplomacy before an agreement could be made. 相反，丹麦人拒绝了敌对交战方提出的要求，并在达成协议之前中断了外交。 [06:50] Eventually, with building pressure from the surrounding European powers, the Armistice of Malmo was signed between Russia and Denmark and almost entirely accommodated Denmark's demands alone. 最终，在周边欧洲列强日益增长的压力下，俄罗斯和丹麦签署了马尔默停战协定，该协定几乎完全单独满足了丹麦的要求。 [07:04] This treaty was then ratified at Frankfurt and put a temporary pause on the war. 该条约随后在法兰克福获得批准，并暂时中止了战争。 [07:09] The following year the London... 次年，伦敦…… [07:12] Conference was convened in hopes of resolving the route of the conflict. 会议召开，希望解决冲突的路线。 [07:17] The negotiations broke down despite British, Russian and German agreements on the core matters. 尽管英国、俄罗斯和德国在核心问题上达成一致，谈判还是破裂了。 [07:26] Denmark proved difficult to agree with once again, and the war was renewed a few months later in the spring of 1849. 丹麦再次证明难以达成一致，战争在几个月后于1849年春天重新爆发。 [07:36] After a series of battles and many Danish victories, another truce was signed, but still no answer to the looming question. 在一系列战斗和丹麦多次胜利之后，又签署了停战协议，但依然没有回答那个迫在眉睫的问题。 [07:45] Finally, in May of 1852, the London Protocol was signed and approved by surrounding European powers, and declared that the duchies would remain independent, though still in personal union with the crown of Denmark. 最终，在1852年5月，《伦敦议定书》签署并得到周边欧洲列强的批准，宣布公国保持独立，但仍与丹麦王室保持共主邦联。 [08:02] While this technically should have answered the ultimate question for the Germans, it didn't. 虽然这在技术上本应回答德国人的最终问题，但事实并非如此。 [08:09] Still displeased with the connection of the duchies to the Danish Kingdom, and now the attempted... 仍然对公国与丹麦王国的联系感到不满，而现在又试图…… [08:14] Changes made to the succession of the thrones within the kingdom and duchies. 对王国和公国内王位继承顺序所做的更改。 [08:19] The Germans in and outside of Schleswig and Holstein remained ready to fight. 石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因内外的德国人仍然准备战斗。 [08:25] Once again, the interwar period was depressingly short-lived, thanks to the unilateral resolution of the root of the conflict. 由于单方面解决了冲突的根源，战间期再次令人沮丧地短暂。 [08:38] The diplomatic portion of the dispute had continued, and after the death of King Frederick II in Denmark, his successor attempted to enact new policies in violation of the London Protocol and in direct opposition to German views on the matter. 争端的外交部分仍在继续，丹麦国王弗雷德里克二世去世后，他的继任者试图实施违反《伦敦议定书》并直接反对德国对此事看法的新政策。 [08:55] By February 1st, 1864, the Second Schleswig War broke out when united Prussian and Austrian troops entered the Schleswig duchy in response to the enactment of the November Constitution of 1863. 1864年2月1日，当普鲁士和奥地利联合军队进入石勒苏益格公国以回应1863年11月宪法的颁布时，第二次石勒苏益格战争爆发了。 [09:11] This conflict played out much like the previous one, and due to the same... 这场冲突的进程与上一次非常相似，并且由于同样的原因…… [09:16] Unsolved question but finally came to a close in October of 1864 with the signing of the Treaty of Vienna, this time with the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Kingdom of Denmark all being involved. 未解的问题终于在1864年10月随着维也纳条约的签署而告一段落，这次涉及奥地利帝国、普鲁士王国和丹麦王国。 [09:33] The Schleswig-Holstein question was finally resolved, at least the best that it could be. 石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因问题终于得到了解决，至少是尽可能好的解决。 [09:39] Denmark was now forced to cede the Duchy of Schleswig, all but for one small section, the Duchy of Holstein, and the Duchy of Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria. 丹麦现在被迫将石勒苏益格公国（除了一小部分）、荷尔斯泰因公国和劳恩堡公国割让给普鲁士和奥地利。 [09:52] A later treaty would be signed between the latter two which would grant Schleswig and Lauenburg to Prussia while Austria took Holstein. 后来两者之间签署了一项条约，将石勒苏益格和劳恩堡授予普鲁士，而奥地利则获得荷尔斯泰因。 [10:00] This would not be the end of the newfound question between Prussia and Austria, though, and would eventually lead to the Austro-Prussian War. 然而，这并非普鲁士和奥地利之间新问题的终结，并最终导致了普奥战争。 [10:11] But finally, the original Schleswig-Holstein question had been resolved. 但最终，最初的石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因问题得到了解决。 [10:16] Answered as for the Danes living within the duchies who had long been Danish nationals, a 6-year period was granted for those who wished to leave the duchies and return to Denmark, as opposed to staying within the boundaries of either Prussia or Austria. 关于居住在公国内、长期作为丹麦国民的丹麦人，对于那些希望离开公国返回丹麦而非留在普鲁士或奥地利境内的人，给予了6年的期限。 [10:34] Their neighboring Germans within the duchies, of course, were contrarily satisfied with their current situation. 当然，公国内他们的德国邻居们却对自己的现状感到满意。 [10:39] So to summarize, the Dano-Prussian War, or more accurately the Dano-Prussian conflict, was not one simple battle or series of battles. 所以总结来说，丹普战争，或者更准确地说丹普冲突，并非一场简单的战役或一系列战役。 [10:53] Instead, it was a range of diplomatic discord and full-blown back-to-back wars, all rooted in one thing: the Schleswig-Holstein question. 相反，它是一系列外交不和以及全面接连不断的战争，全都根源于一件事：石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因问题。 [11:03] The question, in all its complexity, seems to come down to the simple dispute over how both duchies, either united or divided, should be governed and by whom, while the friction... 这个问题，尽管复杂，似乎归结为一个简单的争议：这两个公国，无论是联合还是分开，应如何治理以及由谁治理，而摩擦…… [11:19] Remained mostly between the German Confederation and the Kingdom of Denmark. 主要发生在德意志邦联和丹麦王国之间。 [11:24] Great Britain, Russia, Sweden, and other neighboring empires and kingdoms were dragged in throughout the conflict due to its effect on the surrounding European community. 大不列颠、俄罗斯、瑞典以及其他邻近的帝国和王国在整个冲突中被卷入，因为它对周围的欧洲社会产生了影响。 [11:37] Still, from what we can understand, although Lord Palmerston believes that none of us could quite understand the whole thing, the big question truly involved only the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein and the Kingdom of Denmark in opposition to the German Confederation. 不过，据我们所知，尽管帕默斯顿勋爵认为我们中没有人能完全理解整件事，但真正的大问题只涉及石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因公国以及丹麦王国与德意志邦联的对立。 [11:55] Everything and everyone else that was involved at one point or another appears to be collateral damage, which is to be expected considering the decades of diplomatic conflict turns military warfare in multiple bouts. 其他所有在某个时间点被卷入的人和事似乎都是附带损害，考虑到数十年的外交冲突演变成多轮军事战争，这是可以预料的。 [12:09] In the end, the Germans seem to have triumphed over their Danish adversaries. 最终，德国人似乎战胜了他们的丹麦对手。 [12:14] But ultimately, the Dano-Prussian conflict was not nearly so simple, and if... 但归根结底，丹普冲突远没有那么简单，而且如果…… [12:20] We should believe Palmerstone. 我们应该相信帕默斯顿。 [12:23] There remains no one left to tell the tale in its entirety. 再也没有人能够完整地讲述这个故事了。 [12:29] As the second half of the 19th century came around, the clash for dominance and consolidated power over the region would be between the mighty Austrian Empire and the rising state of Prussia. 随着19世纪下半叶的到来，争夺该地区主导权和巩固权力的冲突将在强大的奥地利帝国和崛起的普鲁士之间展开。 [12:41] Prussia at the time was part of the German Confederation and was becoming the most powerful and influential of the incorporated states next to the Austrian Empire. 当时的普鲁士是德意志邦联的一部分，并且正在成为仅次于奥地利帝国的、最强大和最有影响力的邦国。 [12:53] Its leaders were the Hohenzollern family, and in particular King Wilhelm I, alongside Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck. 其领导人是霍亨索伦家族，特别是威廉一世国王，以及首相奥托·冯·俾斯麦。 [13:01] On the other end, over the border in Austria, Emperor Franz Joseph I of the Habsburg dynasty held the throne. 在另一边，越过边界进入奥地利，哈布斯堡王朝的皇帝弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世掌握着王位。 [13:08] Although these rulers were developing a little bit of a rivalry between themselves, with both sides hoping to claim control over Central Europe and of the German-speaking nations, they did have a brief moment of cooperation. 尽管这些统治者之间逐渐产生了一些竞争，双方都希望控制中欧和德语国家，但他们确实有过短暂的合作时刻。 [13:23] During the second Schleswig War, Prussia and Austria decided to invade the Danish-controlled land of Schleswig-Holstein together and were successful in co-occupying the territory. 在第二次石勒苏益格战争期间，普鲁士和奥地利决定共同入侵丹麦控制的石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因地区，并成功联合占领了该领土。 [13:35] After the end of the war, a new crisis erupted in 1866, though, after Prussia took umbrage at political decisions made by the Austrian governor of Holstein. 战争结束后，1866年又爆发了一场新的危机，因为普鲁士对奥地利荷尔斯泰因总督做出的政治决定感到不满。 [13:46] This sparked disputes between both sides and eventually led to Austria sending in precautionary troops along the Prussian border in response. 这引发了双方之间的争端，并最终导致奥地利在普鲁士边境沿线部署预防性部队作为回应。 [13:55] The Prussians partially mobilized five of their divisions at the end of March. 普鲁士人在三月底部分动员了他们的五个师。 [13:59] Both parties now began preparing for war with each other, and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia had the idea to reach out to a more southern ally. 双方现在开始准备相互开战，普鲁士的奥托·冯·俾斯麦想到了联系一个更南方的盟友。 [14:07] On April 8th, Italy agreed that if Prussia went to war against Austria in the next 90 days, it would join the German state in an attempt to push back against Austria's power. 4月8日，意大利同意，如果普鲁士在未来90天内对奥地利开战，它将加入这个德意志邦国，以试图削弱奥地利的势力。 [14:20] This deal would secure the soon-to-come declaration of war from Bismarck. 这项协议将确保俾斯麦即将宣战。 [14:25] His allies Austria was aware of this newfound friendship though and began mobilizing its own troops along the Italian border on April 21st. 然而，他的盟友奥地利意识到了这种新建立的友谊，并于4月21日开始在意大利边境调动自己的军队。 [14:35] Italy then called for a general mobilization 5 days later and Austria did the same thing on the following day. 意大利随后在5天后宣布总动员，奥地利也在次日采取了同样的行动。 [14:43] Now it was Prussia's turn, although its general mobilization occurred in a step-by-step process between the 3rd and the 12th of May. 现在轮到普鲁士了，尽管其总动员在5月3日至12日期间分步进行。 [14:54] As all three sides were becoming more and more ready for battle, multiple German states began to form alliances with Austria in hopes of counteracting this. 随着三方都越来越做好战斗准备，多个德意志邦国开始与奥地利结盟，以期抵消这一局面。 [15:02] Prussia invaded Hanover, Hesse, and Saxony on June 15th before they could put any real support behind Austria. 普鲁士于6月15日入侵汉诺威、黑森和萨克森，使它们无法为奥地利提供任何实质支持。 [15:11] 5 days later, just as they had promised, Italy declared war on Austria and came to Prussia's aid on June 27th. 5天后，正如他们所承诺的那样，意大利于6月27日向奥地利宣战，并前来援助普鲁士。 [15:17] Prussia faced their first loss at the Battle of Langensalza against Hanover, although their victory for the latter was short-lived as the rest of 普鲁士在朗根萨尔察战役中首次失利，对阵汉诺威，尽管后者的胜利是短暂的，因为其余部分 [15:26] Prussia's troops eventually surrounded them and forced them to surrender. 普鲁士的军队最终包围了他们，并迫使他们投降。 [15:31] The Austrian Commander Ludig Benedi was hesitant to take his own troops into direct conflict and showed major signs of indecisiveness even as his Prussian counterparts moved with meticulous and extreme confidence. 奥地利指挥官路德维希·贝内德克犹豫是否让自己的部队直接投入冲突，并表现出严重的优柔寡断，而他的普鲁士对手却以细致和极度的自信行动。 [15:46] The Austrians, despite outnumbering the Prussians, were becoming surrounded and pushed back as their enemies fought with intelligent aggression. 尽管奥地利军队在人数上超过普鲁士军队，但他们正被包围并击退，因为敌人以明智的侵略性作战。 [15:54] But by the start of July, Benedi had given up hope and ordered a withdrawal of his men. 但到了七月初，贝内德克已经放弃希望，并命令他的部队撤退。 [15:56] He sent a plea to Emperor Franz Joseph, begging him to make peace with the Prussians to avoid what he predicted would be a catastrophe for the Austrian Army. 他向弗朗茨·约瑟夫皇帝发出恳求，乞求他与普鲁士人讲和，以避免他预测的奥地利军队的灾难。 [16:09] Much to Benedi's dismay, the emperor flat out refused. 令贝内德克沮丧的是，皇帝断然拒绝。 [16:14] Now the main portion of the war was about to take place. 现在，战争的主要部分即将展开。 [16:16] On the 3rd of July, the Prussian Army of the Elbe and the Prussian First Army were ready to attack the Austrian Army at the Battle of Königgrätz, while the Austrians numbered... 7月3日，普鲁士易北河军团和普鲁士第一集团军准备在柯尼希格雷茨战役中攻击奥地利军队，而奥地利军队的人数…… [16:29] Around 215,000 the Prussians only added up to about 124,000. 普鲁士人只有大约21.5万人，加起来才约12.4万人。 [16:33] Nonetheless, it was the Prussians who proved most offensive as mist cleared from the air and the knight's rainfall came to an end. 尽管如此，随着雾气散去、骑士的降雨停止，普鲁士人表现得最具进攻性。 [16:44] The Austrian Army opened fire on the Prussian right flank, which was under the command of Herart Von Bitfield. 奥地利军队向普鲁士右翼开火，该翼由赫拉特·冯·比特菲尔德指挥。 [16:51] For what seemed to be the first time, the Prussians were now hesitant. 似乎是第一次，普鲁士人变得犹豫不决。 [16:54] Bitfield was unsure of whether a full attack would be wise at this point. 比特菲尔德不确定此时全面进攻是否明智。 [16:59] Eventually, he ordered Brigadier General von Schuler to fall back into a defensive position with seven battalions of the advanced guard. 最终，他命令冯·舒勒准将率领七个先锋营撤退到防御阵地。 [17:07] Meanwhile, General Edward Frederick Charles Von Friki led the Prussian Seventh Division into the Sweep Forest and eventually ran into two Austrian corps. 与此同时，爱德华·弗雷德里克·查尔斯·冯·弗里基将军率领普鲁士第七师进入扫荡森林，最终遭遇两个奥地利军团。 [17:17] Somehow, the Seventh Division proved successful in clearing the forest, and King Wilhelm ordered the First Army to join General Fran Siki as he led his men into Sedova. 不知何故，第七师成功清除了森林，威廉国王命令第一军加入弗兰·西基将军，他正率领部下进入塞多瓦。 [17:31] Shortly captured still as the Prussian eighth and fourth divisions tried to cross the Bista River and join their fellow troops, they were stopped in their tracks by heavy Austrian artillery fire. 不久之后，普鲁士第八和第四师试图渡过比斯塔河与友军会合时，被奥地利猛烈的炮火阻止了前进。 [17:43] Oddly though, Benedict opted not to order a cavalry charge at the same time, which allowed the Prussians to maintain some level of resistance. 奇怪的是，贝内迪克特当时没有下令骑兵冲锋，这让普鲁士人得以保持一定程度的抵抗。 [17:53] The Austrian still had significantly better weaponry for long range, and of course still outnumbered their adversaries. 奥地利人在远程武器方面仍然明显占优，而且当然在人数上也超过对手。 [18:00] A lucky advantage for the Prussians though: the Austrians had not been prepared for the kind of close combat that they found themselves in against the seventh division back in the forest. 不过，普鲁士人有一个幸运的优势：奥地利人没有准备好面对他们在森林中与第七师遭遇的那种近战。 [18:10] This is where the tide began to turn in favor of the Prussians, as the Austrians with their muzzle-loading small arms clashed with the Prussians and their breech-loading needle guns. 正是在这里，战局开始转向对普鲁士人有利，因为使用前装枪的奥地利人与使用后装针发枪的普鲁士人发生了冲突。 [18:22] The situation began to support the latter, who were able to operate their weaponry while on the move and didn't have to stay standing while reloading, although the Prussians were... 形势开始有利于后者，他们能够在移动中操作武器，而不必站着装弹，尽管普鲁士人…… [18:31] Temporarily pushed back the Austrians. 暂时击退了奥地利人。 [18:33] Made yet another mistake when Benedict refused to launch a full-blown counterattack against both Prussian armies. 当贝内迪克特拒绝向普鲁士两军发动全面反击时，又犯了一个错误。 [18:44] Instead, the Prussians fought back harder than ever and managed to wipe out Austria's battalion under Colonel Carl von P. 相反，普鲁士人比以往更加猛烈地反击，并成功歼灭了卡尔·冯·P上校率领的奥地利营。 [18:51] As the Prussian Second Army entered the battle, led by none other than the Crown Prince himself, the Austrian Second and Fourth Corps continued to fight as best as they could. 当普鲁士第二集团军由王储亲自率领投入战斗时，奥地利第二和第四军仍在尽力抵抗。 [19:02] But the Prussians were more unified than ever before, and the Austrian defense was crumbling. 但普鲁士人比以往更加团结，奥地利防线正在崩溃。 [19:07] As the final fragment of the Prince's nearly 100,000-strong Second Army arrived and clashed with the Austrians, the latter began to realize their fate. 当王储近十万人的第二集团军最后一部分抵达并与奥地利人交战时，后者开始意识到自己的命运。 [19:17] They were taking mass casualties, and eventually Benedict himself decided to inform the emperor of the catastrophe that was occurring, just as he had warned earlier. 他们遭受了大量伤亡，最终贝内迪克特本人决定向皇帝报告正在发生的灾难，正如他先前警告的那样。 [19:26] The battle was over, and the Prussians had come out on top. 战斗结束了，普鲁士人取得了胜利。 [19:32] Austrians retreated. 奥地利人撤退了。 [19:34] Some of the Prussian forces chased them towards Vienna and clashed with them along the way. 一些普鲁士军队追击他们向维也纳进发，并在途中与他们发生冲突。 [19:39] These smaller skirmishes continued until July 22nd, ending only when an armistice was finally reached. 这些小规模冲突一直持续到7月22日，直到最终达成停战协议才结束。 [19:45] The Peace of Prague was then signed on August 23rd and officially ended the Austro-Prussian War. 随后，《布拉格和约》于8月23日签署，正式结束了普奥战争。 [19:53] Luckily for the Austrians, this treaty was actually very fair to the Empire. 对奥地利人来说幸运的是，这项条约实际上对帝国非常公平。 [19:59] Otto von Bismarck was a strategic man and had decided that the best option for Prussia would be to maintain a strong Austrian Empire and essentially create an ally for themselves against the rest of Europe, whom Bismarck did not trust. 奥托·冯·俾斯麦是一个有战略眼光的人，他决定普鲁士的最佳选择是维持一个强大的奥地利帝国，并基本上为自己建立一个盟友，以对抗他不信任的欧洲其他国家。 [20:13] Initially, King Wilhelm starkly disagreed with his prime minister and refused to do away with any harsh terms against Austria. 最初，威廉国王强烈反对他的首相，并拒绝取消对奥地利的任何苛刻条款。 [20:23] It wasn't until Bismarck threatened not only to resign but even to jump out of the fourth story Nikolsburg Castle window and agreed to give some favor to their adversary. 直到俾斯麦威胁不仅要辞职，甚至要从尼科尔斯堡城堡的四楼窗户跳下去，并同意给他们的对手一些好处。 [20:33] new territory was taken from Austria [20:35] itself at the request of bismar but the [20:38] austrians were forced to give up slesvig [20:40] Holstein Hanover and some parts of hes [20:43] and Bavaria to the prussians nonetheless [20:46] the end of the war and the signing of [20:48] this treaty confirmed prussia's Newfound [20:51] Authority throughout the region and [20:53] Confederation and soon the German states [20:56] would become United under emperor velm [20:59] the 1 without Austria before that though [21:02] the Treaty of Vienna had been signed on [21:04] October 3rd [21:06] 1866 after the third war of Italian [21:09] Independence which had occurred [21:11] throughout the austr Prussian war after [21:13] Italy came to prussia's defense this [21:16] treaty confirmed an earlier Armistice [21:18] between the Nations and forced the [21:20] austrians to hand over Venetia to the [21:22] Italians and a large chunk of friuli to [21:25] the French who would then transfer power [21:27] to the Italian as well these were [21:30] significant losses for the Austrian [21:32] Empire of course but they were still [21:34] mild in comparison to what Prussia and [21:36] Italy as its Ally could have demanded if [21:39] not for the insistence of bismar which [21:41] would later come in handy at the [21:43] outbreak of World War I while the events [21:46] leading up to the austr Prussian War had [21:48] almost seemed to symbolize a new [21:51] stronger relationship between Prussia [21:53] and Austria this outcome would never [21:55] come to fruition the war instead drew a [21:59] wedge between Austria and Prussia and [22:01] even between the latter and some of the [22:03] Southern German states though many [22:05] mistakes made by Austrian military [22:08] leadership and some luck on the part of [22:10] the prussians the struggle would prove [22:12] the dominance of Prussia in Central [22:14] Europe and within the German [22:16] Confederation not only that but [22:18] prussia's Victory only strengthened its [22:21] Authority and influence which would [22:23] continue to grow for decades to come and [22:26] although the resulting dissolution of [22:28] the German Confederation and's division [22:30] between Austria and Prussia would end [22:33] any hope of a United Germany that [22:35] incorporated Austria the Germans would [22:37] not quit trying for many years to [22:41] come in the late 1800s the struggle for [22:44] the upper hand and overarching power [22:47] throughout the European continent became [22:50] a direct battle between the second [22:52] French Empire and the north German [22:55] Confederation the latter which was de [22:57] facto LED by the Kingdom of Prussia was [23:00] beginning to threaten the current [23:01] superiority of the French Empire with [23:04] its recent victory in the Ostro Prussian [23:07] war of [23:09] 1866 whether OV Von bismar the [23:12] chancellor of Prussia intended to rope [23:14] Francis Napoleon III into a war or not [23:18] is still questioned by some historians [23:21] but either way a war did come Europe in [23:26] the 19th century was a continent of [23:28] change and power changes the Germans in [23:32] particular were immensely focused on the [23:34] goal of uniting the entirity of the [23:37] German states under the Prussian leader [23:39] Otto von bismar following the ostr [23:43] Prussian War and the annexation of [23:46] multiple German states that chose to [23:48] oppose Prussia during the conflict the [23:50] north German Confederation was formed [23:54] prompting a very quick decline in [23:56] opinion from the French [23:59] Napoleon III and his administration [24:02] feared that the unification and [24:04] continued strengthening of the German [24:06] states would tip the scales and leave [24:09] France as a weaker power and influence [24:12] throughout the region however Napoleon [24:16] did seem to already be overestimating [24:19] his own authority in response to the [24:22] building Menace of the new German [24:25] Confederation the French Emperor reached [24:27] out to Chancellor ovon bismar and made a [24:31] hefty demand insisting that the French [24:34] borders of 1814 be restored by the [24:38] prussians the demand was swiftly shot [24:41] down by bismar who had absolutely no [24:44] interest in giving up any of his own [24:46] belongings or authority in any kind of [24:49] stretch to appease the French the [24:52] chancellor did however take this [24:54] opportunity to inform the southern [24:56] German states such as Rutenberg bden and [25:00] Hessa darad of Napoleon's plea has to [25:03] strengthen his own relationship with his [25:05] fellow Germans and solidify a defensive [25:09] military alliance between them all this [25:13] is also the point at which ovon bismar [25:16] may have decided that provoking a [25:18] conflict with the French would be a good [25:21] thing for his Confederation and more [25:23] importantly for his future endeavors to [25:26] unify all of the German [25:29] states the idea was that a war against [25:33] France particularly with France as the [25:36] aggressor would stir up enough German [25:39] nationalism that ultimate unification of [25:41] the remaining German states outside of [25:44] the Confederation could be [25:46] achieved bismar also knew that a war [25:49] with the French was inevitable at one [25:52] point or another and he was fully aware [25:54] of the fact that his best chance at [25:56] pulling in the southern states as allies [25:59] was the first to declare war the demand [26:02] from Napoleon concerning the borders was [26:05] unintentionally a great gift for bismar [26:09] as this played perfectly into his plan [26:11] of pinning the French as the [26:14] aggressors the strategy was actually [26:17] quite smart for the Prussian side they [26:20] knew that when this impending Clash [26:22] occurred if the French could be [26:24] undeniably blamed every German state [26:27] would come together to fight off their [26:29] attacker at the same time bismar knew [26:32] that France would have no allies against [26:35] his German Union as he stated himself [26:38] France the Victor would be a danger to [26:41] everybody Prussia to [26:44] nobody the situation became even easier [26:47] for the prussians to manipulate when [26:49] Leopold of hen Zulan zigar became a [26:52] candidate for the Spanish Throne Leopold [26:55] was a Prussian Prince and this greatly [26:58] worried the French who now feared a [27:01] possible two- fronted alliance between [27:03] the Germans and Spain Napoleon put [27:07] immense pressure on Spain to withdraw [27:09] Leopold's candidacy and their goal was [27:12] eventually achieved nonetheless ovon [27:16] bismar seems to have been unrelenting [27:18] with his push for war when France [27:22] necessitated that the Prussian [27:23] leadership refrained from ever [27:26] supporting a hoen Zoran candidacy in [27:28] Spain at any point in the future the [27:31] King of Prussia William I strongly [27:35] rejected the demand bismar was [27:38] predictably also against this idea and [27:41] decided to release an altered summary of [27:43] the M's dispatch which flatly refused [27:46] the demand of the French this and the [27:50] mistranslated context of the message [27:53] greatly escalated tension between France [27:55] and Prussia even further the French [27:59] foreign minister a you know Duke dig [28:01] ramont went as far as to say that the [28:03] telegram left him feeling as though he [28:06] had received a [28:09] slam Napoleon and his court were now [28:12] forced to seriously consider the [28:14] prospect of declaring war the emperor's [28:17] wife Empress Eugene was strongly in [28:20] favor of a war with Prussia one which [28:23] she believed would easily be won by the [28:25] French Empire and would help to resolve [28:28] both domestic and other political [28:30] challenges foreign minister gramont was [28:33] also a firm supporter of war with the [28:35] Germans especially after the M's [28:38] dispatch this led to the final nail in [28:41] what Napoleon thought would be Prussia [28:43] coffin as his prime minister Emil [28:46] Olivier came to the conclusion that [28:49] France had already exhausted all options [28:52] to avoid a potential war and that [28:55] military conflict was the only choice [28:57] that they would have [28:59] left the French people were in agreement [29:02] as well and a crowd of around 20,000 [29:05] citizens even gathered in Paris waving [29:08] flags and patriotic banners through the [29:10] streets of the capital demanding that [29:13] the war be declared on the offensive [29:16] prussians finally on July 15th 1870 [29:20] French mobilization began W quickly [29:23] reached Prussia and the German [29:25] Confederation responded with [29:27] mobilization that same [29:30] night Bavaria and Baden followed suit [29:33] the next day and on the 17th venberg [29:36] joins the movement a declaration of war [29:39] was not officially sent out by the [29:41] French government until the 19th but [29:43] when it arrived it was quickly met by a [29:46] promise of an alliance to the German [29:49] Confederation by the southern German [29:51] states if this was what the prussians [29:54] wanted then they had officially achieved [29:56] their goal the war was about to [30:01] begin the initial plan of the French was [30:04] laid out by Marshall Neil who had since [30:07] passed away but it decided that the [30:09] ideal approach was for France to take an [30:12] offensive position starting from Theon [30:14] Vil and extending into the Prussian Rin [30:17] land while this plan was at first agreed [30:21] upon it was eventually thrown out and [30:24] replaced by a more defensive stance the [30:27] updated plan was formulated by General [30:29] charlot rad and general but lemi luo and [30:34] took a very different approach than the [30:35] Neil plan by instead putting the army of [30:39] the Ry in a defensive position to Simply [30:42] protect the French German border [30:44] Napoleon himself left Paris to take [30:46] command of the army of the [30:52] [Music] [30:55] rine the French were all also expecting [30:58] both Austria and the collective South [31:01] German states to join the fight on their [31:04] behalf but of course as for the Germans [31:08] this was simply not an option the [31:11] austrians did consider coming to the aid [31:13] of the French eyeing the chance to [31:15] avenge their previous humiliating defeat [31:18] at the hands of the prussians But [31:20] ultimately opted not to get involved [31:23] without the additional Alliance of [31:25] Bavaria venberg and B [31:28] this left the French to face the German [31:31] states on their own just as utov Von [31:34] bismar had [31:36] predicted despite having no foreign [31:38] support Napoleon was determined to [31:41] launch the opening attack the Hope was [31:44] to catch the Germans off guard by [31:46] beating them to the punch and the first [31:48] reasonable Target appeared to be the [31:50] town of SAR [31:53] brooken General frisard's second core [31:56] had determined that the only resistance [31:58] guarding this Border Town was the [32:00] Prussian 16th Infantry Division which [32:03] could be overpowered by a French [32:06] incursion the second and third cores [32:08] were subsequently led to the SAR River [32:10] on July 31st with the goal of capturing [32:14] SAR [32:15] bruken the French troops crossed the [32:17] border into SAR bruken on August 2nd and [32:21] quickly gains momentum against the 40th [32:23] Regiment of the Prussian 16th Infantry [32:26] Division [32:28] the Germans did fight back valiantly [32:31] inflicting more casualties than their [32:33] counterpart in fact but nonetheless the [32:36] French were able to begin driving them [32:38] out of the Town through a series of [32:41] skirmishes while this appeared to be a [32:43] positive start to the war Napoleon was [32:46] not as confident as his troops on the [32:48] battlefield may have been news had [32:51] reached the emperor of the Germans [32:53] successfully mobilizing the Prussian [32:55] first Army Prussian second Army [32:58] and Prussian third Army as two French [33:01] cores were occupying SAR brooken France [33:05] may have gained a short-lived upper hand [33:08] but the tide was quick to turn the [33:10] prussians had now better mobilized their [33:13] forces whilst the French were on the [33:15] offensive but fairly unorganized and [33:18] poorly mobilized Napoleon became aware [33:21] of this situation and decided to [33:23] withdraw his troops from SAR bruken [33:25] before the Prussian armies could arrive [33:28] the French shifted back into a defensive [33:30] position and the Germans went on the [33:33] offensive multiple battles would then [33:36] take place throughout venberg sperin [33:39] vert Mars Lor gravelot Mets and sedan [33:43] the latter proved to be the most [33:45] significant Clash thus far and resulted [33:48] in the capture of Napoleon III himself [33:51] on September 1st leaving the French [33:54] without an [33:55] emperor France was now shaken both on [33:58] the battlefield and back at home without [34:01] an emperor the second French Empire [34:04] completely collapsed the rest of the [34:06] authority in Napoleon's Court was ousted [34:09] and a provisional government then [34:11] declared the formation of the third [34:13] Republic on September 4th the government [34:16] changed its name to the government of [34:18] National Defense and had no plans of [34:21] abandoning the war that the Fallen [34:23] Empire had begun ovon bismar contrarily [34:27] attempted to to make peace with the new [34:28] Republic but no reliable French [34:31] Authority could even be reached the [34:34] prussians reacted by marching straight [34:36] to Paris and launching a grueling siege [34:39] that would last a draining [34:41] 130 days the parisians were suffering [34:45] immensely and the new government was [34:48] beginning to recognize the odds stacked [34:50] heavily against them the people of Paris [34:53] were starving and the French troops were [34:55] being worn down day after day [34:58] leaving the new Republic to no [35:00] alternative than peace on German [35:06] terms as the French government was in [35:09] disarray following the humiliating [35:11] capture of the French Emperor Napolean [35:13] III and after the French army suffered [35:16] loss after loss on the front line ending [35:19] with the siege of its capital by an [35:21] enemy they considered somewhat inferior [35:25] the situation was critical seeing their [35:28] Triumph all but certain in this [35:30] situation after long Wars against [35:33] powerful enemies like Denmark Austria [35:36] and now France and with the idea of a [35:39] United Germany all the puzzle pieces [35:43] were in place the German states realized [35:46] the union should be created around [35:49] Prussia on January 18th velm was [35:52] proclaimed German emperor in the halls [35:55] of mirrors at the Palace of Versailles [35:57] in [35:59] Paris for the first time the great [36:02] majority of German speakers were unified [36:05] under a nation state with the important [36:08] exceptions of Austria and parts of [36:11] Switzerland Jules Claude Gabrielle favra [36:14] the French foreign minister by this time [36:17] went to Versailles on January 24th to [36:20] finally open negotiations with the [36:22] prussians bismar no longer had reason to [36:25] maintain the war and subsequently AG [36:27] agreed to a simple deal The Siege would [36:30] be lifted and food delivered to Paris [36:32] immediately so long as the French gave [36:35] up a handful of key fortresses outside [36:37] of the capital that would render the [36:39] city [36:41] undefendable against strong opposition [36:44] fava who took the position of president [36:46] on the 25th after president Tru resigned [36:50] signs the Armistice and surrendered to [36:52] the prussians on the 27th on his [36:55] carriage ride back to Paris father 's [36:57] exhaustion and shame from the recent [37:00] events overwhelmed him and he broke down [37:02] in tears falling into his daughter's [37:04] arms as the silence gifted by no more [37:07] gunshots rang out at midnight for the [37:10] first time in many [37:13] days there was a short-lived challenge [37:16] to faa's agreement with the prussians as [37:19] one French Statesman in particular Leon [37:22] gambetta initially refused to capitulate [37:25] multiple French politicians including [37:27] Jes Simone arrived in Bordeaux shortly [37:30] after and were able to convince gambetta [37:33] to resign and hand over control of his [37:35] troops to the government after only a [37:38] few [37:39] days the war was now over the [37:43] unification of the German states had [37:45] been completed just as bismar had hoped [37:48] and France was no longer Europe's [37:51] strongman peace had come as had the fall [37:55] of the French Empire and French [37:58] superiority across the continent [38:05] [Music]