# fdr a presidency revealed  vol  2 480p

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkF7Pnh89SA
Translation: vi

[00:02] Franklin Roosevelt, a president we thought we knew so well, elected to an unprecedented four terms.
  Franklin Roosevelt, một vị tổng thống mà chúng ta tưởng chừng đã biết rất rõ, được bầu vào bốn nhiệm kỳ chưa từng có.

[00:09] That the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
  Điều duy nhất chúng ta phải sợ là chính nỗi sợ hãi.

[00:12] He charted a course through the two greatest crises of the last century.
  Ông đã vạch ra một con đường vượt qua hai cuộc khủng hoảng lớn nhất của thế kỷ trước.

[00:17] I have seen war and I hate war.
  Tôi đã chứng kiến chiến tranh và tôi ghét chiến tranh.

[00:22] Roosevelt, a man of vision, ruthlessness, and relentless drive.
  Roosevelt, một người có tầm nhìn, sự tàn nhẫn và ý chí kiên định.

[00:27] But there was a private side, one that FDR tried so hard to conceal.
  Nhưng có một khía cạnh riêng tư, một điều mà FDR đã cố gắng che giấu rất nhiều.

[00:29] A 24-year struggle with paralysis, an affair that almost destroyed his marriage, and the loneliness that darkened his final days.
  Một cuộc đấu tranh 24 năm với bệnh liệt, một vụ ngoại tình suýt chút nữa đã hủy hoại cuộc hôn nhân của ông, và sự cô đơn đã bao trùm những ngày cuối đời.

[00:39] Rare home movies take us into his cloistered world.
  Những bộ phim gia đình hiếm hoi đưa chúng ta vào thế giới khép kín của ông.

[00:41] A private diary kept by a cousin details his dramatic physical decline.
  Một cuốn nhật ký riêng do một người em họ ghi lại chi tiết sự suy giảm thể chất đầy kịch tính của ông.

[00:46] The president's breathing became very heavy.
  Hơi thở của tổng thống trở nên rất nặng nhọc.

[00:48] At that moment, the heavy breathing stopped.
  Vào khoảnh khắc đó, hơi thở nặng nhọc đã ngừng lại.

[00:51] After 60 years, an infinitely more complex man emerges from the shadows.
  Sau 60 năm, một con người phức tạp hơn vô cùng đã hiện ra từ bóng tối.

[01:06] Night after night, the planes came out of a darkened sky.
  Đêm này qua đêm khác, những chiếc máy bay xuất hiện từ bầu trời tối tăm.

[01:11] The full wrath of the Third Reich reduced much of central London to rubble.
  Cơn thịnh nộ tột cùng của Đệ tam Đế chế đã biến phần lớn trung tâm London thành đống đổ nát.

[01:13] It was December 1940.
  Đó là tháng 12 năm 1940.

[01:17] The European war that FDR promised Americans he would never enter had brought Britain to the brink of defeat.
  Cuộc chiến châu Âu mà FDR đã hứa với người Mỹ rằng ông sẽ không bao giờ tham gia đã đẩy nước Anh đến bờ vực thất bại.

[01:26] Working out of offices deep underneath Downing Street, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his war cabinet were preparing for the onslaught of the Nazi invasion of Britain.
  Làm việc từ các văn phòng nằm sâu bên dưới Phố Downing, Thủ tướng Winston Churchill và nội các chiến tranh của ông đang chuẩn bị cho cuộc tấn công xâm lược nước Anh của Đức Quốc xã.

[01:37] Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war.
  Hitler biết rằng ông ta sẽ phải đánh bại chúng ta trên hòn đảo này hoặc thua cuộc chiến.

[01:43] If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free.
  Nếu chúng ta có thể đối đầu với ông ta, cả châu Âu có thể được tự do.

[01:46] But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new dark age.
  Nhưng nếu chúng ta thất bại, thì cả thế giới, bao gồm cả Hoa Kỳ, bao gồm tất cả những gì chúng ta đã biết và quan tâm, sẽ chìm vào vực thẳm của một kỷ nguyên tăm tối mới.

[02:01] Though FDR shared those sentiments, he
  Mặc dù FDR chia sẻ những tình cảm đó, ông

[02:04] was constrained by a pledge given on the eve of his third election for the presidency in 1940.
  bị ràng buộc bởi một lời hứa đưa ra vào đêm trước cuộc bầu cử tổng thống lần thứ ba của ông vào năm 1940.

[02:11] I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again.
  Tôi đã nói điều này trước đây, nhưng tôi sẽ nói đi nói lại nhiều lần.

[02:19] Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign war.
  Các chàng trai của các bạn sẽ không bị đưa vào bất kỳ cuộc chiến tranh nước ngoài nào.

[02:28] A popular promise made in the pursuit of power.
  Một lời hứa phổ biến được đưa ra để theo đuổi quyền lực.

[02:31] Now he had to live with the consequences.
  Bây giờ ông phải sống với những hậu quả.

[02:35] Britain was going down the drain.
  Anh đang đi xuống dốc.

[02:38] Britain was about to be defeated.
  Anh sắp bị đánh bại.

[02:38] FDR saw it plainly.
  FDR đã thấy rõ điều đó.

[02:41] He could not get the American people to comprehend the level of threat that he felt.
  Ông không thể khiến người dân Mỹ hiểu được mức độ đe dọa mà ông cảm nhận.

[02:49] Hence, the isolation as Congress was like a brick wall for him.
  Do đó, sự cô lập khi Quốc hội giống như một bức tường gạch đối với ông.

[02:52] It was so frustrating.
  Thật là bực bội.

[02:56] He didn't know what to do, how to crack the nut.
  Ông không biết phải làm gì, làm thế nào để giải quyết vấn đề khó khăn này.

[03:03] FDR tried to inch the country towards
  FDR đã cố gắng thúc đẩy đất nước về phía

[03:05] Engagement. The previous summer, he supplied Britain with a few mothball destroyers, though not enough to influence the course of the war.
  Sự tham gia. Mùa hè trước, ông đã cung cấp cho Anh một vài tàu khu trục cũ, nhưng không đủ để ảnh hưởng đến cục diện chiến tranh.

[03:14] But in a rare White House recording made on October 4th, 1940, he told Speaker of the House Sam Raburn that any additional material support would be fiercely resisted by his own military chiefs.
  Nhưng trong một bản ghi âm hiếm hoi của Nhà Trắng được thực hiện vào ngày 4 tháng 10 năm 1940, ông đã nói với Chủ tịch Hạ viện Sam Raburn rằng bất kỳ sự hỗ trợ vật chất bổ sung nào cũng sẽ bị các tướng lĩnh quân sự của ông phản kháng quyết liệt.

[03:28] Going to be a lot of people that will say, "My God, we ought to keep some of these planes back here.
  Sẽ có rất nhiều người nói, "Lạy Chúa, chúng ta nên giữ lại một số máy bay này ở đây.

[03:32] We haven't got enough of these planes to defend ourselves.
  Chúng ta không có đủ máy bay này để tự vệ.

[03:36] We ought not send every other plane over to England.
  Chúng ta không nên gửi từng chiếc máy bay khác sang Anh.

[03:39] We haven't got enough anti-aircraft guns for Boston and New York and Washington DC.
  Chúng ta không có đủ súng phòng không cho Boston, New York và Washington DC.

[03:49] And there be a demand, but we pull right in inside of ourselves and keep everything we're making for our own defense.
  Và sẽ có một yêu cầu, nhưng chúng ta sẽ tự thu mình lại và giữ mọi thứ chúng ta đang sản xuất cho công cuộc phòng thủ của chính mình.

[03:57] Roosevelt needed time to think, to find a way through the fog of war.
  Roosevelt cần thời gian để suy nghĩ, để tìm ra con đường vượt qua màn sương mù của chiến tranh.

[04:07] In early December, the White House announced that the president and his principal assistant, Harry Hopkins, were going to the Caribbean on a vacation.
  Vào đầu tháng 12, Nhà Trắng đã thông báo rằng tổng thống và trợ lý chính của ông, Harry Hopkins, sẽ đi nghỉ ở vùng Caribe.

[04:15] One of the people who was most perplexed that he went off on that fishing trip was Winston Churchill.
  Một trong những người bối rối nhất khi ông ấy đi nghỉ câu cá là Winston Churchill.

[04:20] When we're undergoing the bombardment and the invasion uh that seemed to be certain, why is the president of the United States going off on a fishing trip virtually in communicado?
  Khi chúng ta đang trải qua cuộc ném bom và cuộc xâm lược mà dường như chắc chắn, tại sao tổng thống Hoa Kỳ lại đi câu cá gần như không liên lạc?

[04:31] Time was running out.
  Thời gian đang cạn dần.

[04:33] Churchill decided to make one last desperate personal appeal to the frustratingly elusive American president.
  Churchill quyết định đưa ra một lời kêu gọi cá nhân tuyệt vọng cuối cùng tới vị tổng thống Mỹ khó nắm bắt một cách bực bội.

[04:39] Churchill always said it was the most important letter he wrote in his life, not only to Roosevelt, but to send Roosevelt a completely honest, detailed account, I think the letter, some 20 pages, a detailed account of exactly what Britain's position was, which meant exactly what our weaknesses were.
  Churchill luôn nói đó là bức thư quan trọng nhất ông viết trong đời, không chỉ gửi cho Roosevelt, mà còn để gửi cho Roosevelt một bản tường thuật hoàn toàn trung thực, chi tiết, tôi nghĩ bức thư, khoảng 20 trang, một bản tường thuật chi tiết về chính xác vị thế của Anh, điều đó có nghĩa là chính xác những điểm yếu của chúng ta là gì.

[05:00] On December 9th, 1940, a sea plane touched down in Caribbean waters.
  Vào ngày 9 tháng 12 năm 1940, một thủy phi cơ đã hạ cánh xuống vùng biển Caribe.

[05:02] Aboard the 20page letter that would decide the
  Trên tàu là bức thư 20 trang sẽ quyết định

[05:07] fate of the British Empire.
  số phận của Đế quốc Anh.

[05:13] Franklin Roosevelt read it over and over again without comment.
  Franklin Roosevelt đã đọc đi đọc lại mà không đưa ra bình luận nào.

[05:18] Churchill's message to the US president was simple.
  Thông điệp của Churchill gửi cho Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ rất đơn giản.

[05:20] Britain was bankrupt.
  Anh đã phá sản.

[05:23] After battling for 5 months to prevent a Nazi invasion, she could no longer pay for the weapons she needed to stave off defeat.
  Sau 5 tháng chiến đấu để ngăn chặn một cuộc xâm lược của Đức Quốc xã, bà không còn đủ khả năng chi trả cho vũ khí cần thiết để ngăn chặn thất bại.

[05:29] You know, he doesn't say anything.
  Bạn biết đấy, ông ấy không nói gì cả.

[05:31] Hopkins doesn't push him.
  Hopkins không thúc ép ông ấy.

[05:33] He just sort of he's fishing, he's thinking, he's talking a little bit, but he's not really revealing what's on his mind.
  Ông ấy cứ như đang dò hỏi, đang suy nghĩ, đang nói một chút, nhưng ông ấy không thực sự tiết lộ những gì đang nghĩ trong đầu.

[05:40] And then suddenly one day he gets with Hopkins and he starts talking about what if.
  Và rồi đột nhiên một ngày nọ, ông ấy gặp Hopkins và bắt đầu nói về viễn cảnh 'nếu như'.

[05:43] What if we were to give them the ships and planes and to lend it to them and then at the end of the war they can give them back or if they can't get them back because the plane got shot down or the ship got sunk then we'll have lease it to them and they'll pay us some fair value at at the end of the war.
  Nếu chúng ta cho họ tàu và máy bay và cho họ mượn, rồi cuối cuộc chiến họ có thể trả lại, hoặc nếu họ không thể trả lại vì máy bay bị bắn hạ hoặc tàu bị chìm, thì chúng ta sẽ cho thuê chúng và họ sẽ trả cho chúng ta một giá trị hợp lý vào cuối cuộc chiến.

[06:00] And that became known as Len Lease.
  Và điều đó được biết đến với cái tên Cho thuê-Cho mượn.

[06:04] It was classic Roosevelt.
  Đó là phong cách Roosevelt điển hình.

[06:06] No one was consulted, not even Henry Stimson, the
  Không ai được tham khảo ý kiến, ngay cả Henry Stimson, người

[06:09] 74-year-old New York banker Roosevelt had nominated a year earlier to be his secretary of war.
  Roosevelt, một chủ ngân hàng 74 tuổi ở New York, đã được đề cử làm bộ trưởng chiến tranh của ông một năm trước đó.

[06:15] Increasingly, Roosevelt was excluding his own cabinet as he drew decision-making into the White House.
  Ngày càng có nhiều, Roosevelt đã loại trừ nội các của mình khi ông đưa ra quyết định vào Nhà Trắng.

[06:20] 3 weeks after his return from the Caribbean, the president made an appeal for public support on the radio in one of his fireside chats.
  3 tuần sau khi trở về từ Caribe, tổng thống đã kêu gọi sự ủng hộ của công chúng trên đài phát thanh trong một trong những bài nói chuyện thân mật của ông.

[06:31] If Great Britain goes down, the Axis powers will control the continents of Europe and Asia and Africa and Australasia and the high seas.
  Nếu Anh Quốc sụp đổ, các cường quốc Phe Trục sẽ kiểm soát các lục địa Châu Âu, Châu Á, Châu Phi, Châu Úc và các vùng biển.

[06:43] It is no exaggeration to say that all of us in the Americas would be living at the point of a gun.
  Không quá lời khi nói rằng tất cả chúng ta ở Châu Mỹ sẽ sống dưới mũi súng.

[06:53] We must be the great arsenal of democracy.
  Chúng ta phải là kho vũ khí vĩ đại của nền dân chủ.

[06:58] For us, this is an emergency as serious as war itself.
  Đối với chúng ta, đây là một tình trạng khẩn cấp nghiêm trọng như chính chiến tranh.

[07:02] It was a brilliant political maneuver.
  Đó là một động thái chính trị xuất sắc.

[07:05] By leasing, rather than selling the British the equipment,
  Bằng cách cho người Anh thuê, thay vì bán thiết bị,

[07:10] he avoided a congressional vote of authorization he might well have lost.
  ông đã tránh được một cuộc bỏ phiếu ủy quyền của quốc hội mà ông có thể đã thua.

[07:15] Roosevelt was well aware of the political risk of tying his presidency to the British cause.
  Roosevelt nhận thức rõ rủi ro chính trị khi gắn bó nhiệm kỳ tổng thống của mình với chính nghĩa của Anh.

[07:20] He needed reassurance that Winston Churchill was the right man to carry both their burdens.
  Ông cần sự trấn an rằng Winston Churchill là người phù hợp để gánh vác cả hai gánh nặng của họ.

[07:24] Roosevelt could not be sure what all those stirring and wonderful speeches that unto this hour give us goose flesh might have just been classic Churchillian bombast on the road to disaster.
  Roosevelt không thể chắc chắn rằng tất cả những bài phát biểu hùng hồn và tuyệt vời đó, cho đến giờ vẫn khiến chúng ta nổi da gà, có thể chỉ là những lời khoe khoang kinh điển của Churchill trên con đường dẫn đến thảm họa.

[07:37] The task of assessing Churchill was given to Harry Hopkins, a close friend of the president, but a man with no diplomatic or foreign policy experience.
  Nhiệm vụ đánh giá Churchill được giao cho Harry Hopkins, một người bạn thân của tổng thống, nhưng là một người không có kinh nghiệm ngoại giao hay chính sách đối ngoại.

[07:47] On Thursday, January 9th, 1941, Hopkins arrived in London.
  Vào thứ Năm, ngày 9 tháng 1 năm 1941, Hopkins đã đến London.

[07:50] Churchill was alarmed.
  Churchill đã báo động.

[07:52] All he knew was that this presidential emissary was a social worker from Iowa.
  Tất cả những gì ông biết là đặc phái viên tổng thống này là một nhân viên xã hội đến từ Iowa.

[08:00] Winston was trying to engratiate himself with his guest and saying, "Of course, after the war, we will modernize our
  Winston đang cố gắng lấy lòng vị khách của mình và nói rằng, "Tất nhiên, sau chiến tranh, chúng ta sẽ hiện đại hóa

[08:11] cottages and we will put in electricity and plumbing.
  những ngôi nhà tranh và chúng tôi sẽ lắp đặt điện và hệ thống ống nước.

[08:17] And uh Harry Hopkins looked at the prime minister and said, "Mr. Prime Minister, I don't give a damn about your cottages.
  Và ừm Harry Hopkins nhìn thủ tướng và nói, "Thưa ngài Thủ tướng, tôi không quan tâm đến những ngôi nhà tranh của ngài.

[08:28] I have come over here to find out how we can help you beat this fellow Hitler.
  Tôi đến đây để tìm hiểu xem chúng ta có thể giúp ngài đánh bại tên Hitler đó như thế nào.

[08:35] And Churchill got up from the table and said, "Mr. Hopkins, come with me."
  Và Churchill đứng dậy khỏi bàn và nói, "Ngài Hopkins, hãy đi với tôi."

[08:40] After a month, Hopkins left Britain convinced that under Churchill's leadership, the country could survive.
  Sau một tháng, Hopkins rời khỏi Anh với niềm tin rằng dưới sự lãnh đạo của Churchill, đất nước có thể tồn tại.

[08:44] and with American help could prevail.
  và với sự giúp đỡ của Mỹ có thể chiến thắng.

[08:50] The trip transformed Hopkins role as Roosevelt's closest adviser.
  Chuyến đi đã thay đổi vai trò của Hopkins với tư cách là cố vấn thân cận nhất của Roosevelt.

[08:52] FDR asked him to come live at the White House and concentrate all his energy on preparing America for war.
  FDR đã yêu cầu ông đến sống tại Nhà Trắng và tập trung toàn bộ năng lượng vào việc chuẩn bị cho nước Mỹ tham chiến.

[08:59] Hopkins initial task was to convince a reluctant Congress that Britain could not be allowed to fall.
  Nhiệm vụ ban đầu của Hopkins là thuyết phục một Quốc hội miễn cưỡng rằng Anh không thể bị sụp đổ.

[09:06] On March 11th, 1941, House Resolution 1776 passed.
  Vào ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 1941, Nghị quyết Hạ viện 1776 đã được thông qua.

[09:09] In a White House
  Tại Nhà Trắng

[09:12] ceremony that evening, Franklin Roosevelt signed Len Lease into law.
  lễ tối hôm đó, Franklin Roosevelt đã ký Đạo luật Cho thuê và Cho vay có hiệu lực.

[09:17] But this political victory would be tempered by the continued assault on London and by the growing certainty that American boys would eventually be fighting in this war.
  Nhưng chiến thắng chính trị này sẽ bị giảm nhẹ bởi cuộc tấn công liên tục vào London và bởi sự chắc chắn ngày càng tăng rằng những chàng trai Mỹ cuối cùng sẽ phải chiến đấu trong cuộc chiến này.

[09:31] As the pressures on Roosevelt grew, the president complained he was having trouble sleeping, that his chronic sinus infection had returned.
  Khi áp lực lên Roosevelt gia tăng, tổng thống phàn nàn rằng ông khó ngủ, rằng chứng viêm xoang mãn tính của ông đã tái phát.

[09:40] The antidote was an escape from Washington to his beloved retreat along the Hudson River.
  Liều thuốc giải độc là một cuộc trốn thoát khỏi Washington đến nơi nghỉ dưỡng yêu thích của ông dọc theo sông Hudson.

[09:48] His home in Hyde Park, New York, was the spot where he could escape the public glare, relax among friends, and drop the deception of mobility that he was convinced was essential to ensure his political viability.
  Ngôi nhà của ông ở Hyde Park, New York, là nơi ông có thể thoát khỏi ánh hào quang của công chúng, thư giãn cùng bạn bè và từ bỏ sự giả vờ về khả năng di chuyển mà ông tin rằng là cần thiết để đảm bảo khả năng tồn tại chính trị của mình.

[10:03] No press was allowed.
  Không được phép có báo chí.

[10:06] These rare home movies taken by a family friend weren't released until after his death.
  Những bộ phim gia đình hiếm hoi này do một người bạn gia đình quay không được phát hành cho đến sau khi ông qua đời.

[10:11] Increasingly, as the pressures of
  Ngày càng nhiều, khi áp lực của

[10:14] The war mounted, this place became a world apart, his refuge from the storm.
  Cuộc chiến leo thang, nơi này trở thành một thế giới khác, nơi ẩn náu của ông khỏi cơn bão.

[10:26] Missy Leand, FDR's personal assistant and constant companion, joined him on these trips.
  Missy Leand, trợ lý cá nhân và người bạn đồng hành thường xuyên của FDR, đã cùng ông tham gia những chuyến đi này.

[10:36] She had been with him for more than 20 years during all the struggles that followed the onset of polio.
  Bà đã ở bên ông hơn 20 năm trong suốt những cuộc đấu tranh sau khi mắc bệnh bại liệt.

[10:42] She was Roosevelt's anchor, a woman who was willing to serve with total and complete devotion.
  Bà là chỗ dựa của Roosevelt, một người phụ nữ sẵn sàng phục vụ với sự tận tâm hoàn toàn và trọn vẹn.

[10:46] She gave him in a certain sense the courage to keep going on when he was struggling to learn to walk again.
  Bà đã cho ông một sự dũng cảm nhất định để tiếp tục tiến lên khi ông đang vật lộn để học đi lại.

[10:53] It was she who watched him as he tried unsuccessfully to walk across the room with the sweat coming down from his face.
  Chính bà là người đã chứng kiến ông cố gắng không thành để đi bộ qua phòng, mồ hôi túa ra trên mặt.

[10:59] And when Eleanor was out doing his political duties, Missy was really the companion who'd been with him.
  Và khi Eleanor ra ngoài làm nhiệm vụ chính trị của ông, Missy thực sự là người bạn đồng hành đã ở bên ông.

[11:07] On the evening of June 4th, 1941, she was at Roosevelt's side in the White House.
  Vào tối ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1941, bà ở bên Roosevelt tại Nhà Trắng.

[11:12] When he left the room to retire for the
  Khi ông rời khỏi phòng để nghỉ ngơi,

[11:14] night, she suddenly screamed and fell to the floor unconscious.
  đêm, cô ấy đột nhiên hét lên và ngã xuống sàn bất tỉnh.

[11:21] Missy, who was only 43 years old, had suffered a stroke and spent the remaining 3 years of her life a prisoner in her own body.
  Missy, người chỉ mới 43 tuổi, đã bị đột quỵ và dành 3 năm còn lại của cuộc đời mình như một tù nhân trong chính cơ thể mình.

[11:31] The stroke that took Missy away from Roosevelt was really a disaster for Roosevelt's life.
  Cơn đột quỵ đã cướp Missy khỏi Roosevelt thực sự là một thảm họa đối với cuộc đời Roosevelt.

[11:35] Here was this woman he depended on from the moment he woke up till the moment he went to bed at night and suddenly she was gone from him.
  Đây là người phụ nữ mà anh ấy phụ thuộc vào từ lúc thức dậy cho đến lúc đi ngủ vào ban đêm và đột nhiên cô ấy đã rời xa anh ấy.

[11:43] I think it pushed FDR into a loneliness which he had not previously experienced.
  Tôi nghĩ điều đó đã đẩy FDR vào một nỗi cô đơn mà anh ấy chưa từng trải qua trước đây.

[11:50] Initially he would go to her room on the third floor of the White House and sit for hours at her bedside.
  Ban đầu, anh ấy sẽ đến phòng của cô ấy ở tầng ba của Nhà Trắng và ngồi hàng giờ bên giường cô ấy.

[11:57] But as she struggled to respond, he withdrew.
  Nhưng khi cô ấy cố gắng phản ứng, anh ấy đã rút lui.

[12:01] Some around Roosevelt felt the president had abandoned a friend.
  Một số người xung quanh Roosevelt cảm thấy tổng thống đã bỏ rơi một người bạn.

[12:07] Harold Ikis, the secretary of the interior, wrote in his diary, "I have lost my affection for him.
  Harold Ikis, bộ trưởng nội vụ, đã viết trong nhật ký của mình, "Tôi đã mất tình cảm với ông ấy.

[12:13] Despite his very pleasant personality, he is as cold
  Mặc dù có tính cách rất dễ chịu, ông ấy lại lạnh lùng

[12:15] As ice inside.
  Như băng bên trong.

[12:18] Missy could pass from this life, and he wouldn't even miss her.
  Missy có thể qua đời, và anh ta thậm chí sẽ không nhớ cô ấy.

[12:20] But in fact, his actions belied what they thought was indifference because he actually went at this period of time to his legal adviser Basil Oconor.
  Nhưng trên thực tế, hành động của anh ta đã bác bỏ những gì họ nghĩ là sự thờ ơ, bởi vì anh ta thực sự đã đến gặp cố vấn pháp lý của mình là Basil Oconor vào thời điểm này.

[12:27] And he told them he wanted to change his will so that half of his entire estate would go to take care of Missy Leand knowing that she might need it in her condition for the rest of her life.
  Và anh ta nói với họ rằng anh ta muốn thay đổi di chúc của mình để một nửa tài sản của anh ta sẽ được dùng để chăm sóc Missy Leand, biết rằng cô ấy có thể cần nó trong tình trạng của mình trong suốt phần đời còn lại.

[12:38] And Okconor thought, "Oh my god, you can't do this.
  Và Okconor nghĩ, "Ôi Chúa ơi, bạn không thể làm điều này.

[12:40] That means taking your own children out of your will."
  Điều đó có nghĩa là loại bỏ chính con cái của bạn ra khỏi di chúc của bạn."

[12:44] I can remember my uncles were pretty horrified when they heard that their portion of the state had been set aside and Missy would get the income.
  Tôi có thể nhớ các chú của tôi đã khá kinh hoàng khi họ nghe rằng phần tài sản của họ đã được dành riêng và Missy sẽ nhận được thu nhập.

[12:53] And FDR I think at the time commented that my sons can get along perfectly well.
  Và tôi nghĩ FDR vào thời điểm đó đã nhận xét rằng các con trai của tôi có thể hòa thuận tốt đẹp.

[12:57] I don't think this is the action of an unfeilling man because this was a very a substantial act of caring.
  Tôi không nghĩ đây là hành động của một người vô tâm, bởi vì đây là một hành động quan tâm đáng kể.

[13:08] But world events would give Roosevelt little time to agonize over the pain of losing Missy's companionship.
  Nhưng các sự kiện thế giới sẽ cho Roosevelt ít thời gian để vật lộn với nỗi đau mất đi sự bầu bạn của Missy.

[13:14] In the summer of 41, the thunder of
  Vào mùa hè năm 41, tiếng sấm của

[13:17] European guns seemed to be growing ever louder.
  Súng của châu Âu dường như ngày càng lớn hơn.

[13:23] On June 22nd, Germany surprised the world and turned against its Soviet ally.
  Vào ngày 22 tháng 6, Đức đã gây bất ngờ cho thế giới và quay sang chống lại đồng minh Liên Xô của mình.

[13:28] Hitler attacked along an 18,800 mile front from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
  Hitler tấn công dọc theo một mặt trận dài 18.800 dặm từ Baltic đến Biển Đen.

[13:39] In just one week, the Germans took 150,000 Russian prisoners, destroyed 1,200 tanks, and within a month, Hitler's forces were within sight of Lenengrad and the Soviet capital.
  Chỉ trong một tuần, quân Đức đã bắt giữ 150.000 tù binh Nga, phá hủy 1.200 xe tăng, và trong vòng một tháng, lực lượng của Hitler đã tiến đến gần Leningrad và thủ đô của Liên Xô.

[13:54] He was at the gates of Moscow.
  Ông ta đã ở ngay cửa ngõ Moscow.

[13:57] He had tremendous power.
  Ông ta có sức mạnh to lớn.

[13:59] And if the Soviet Union were defeated, then he would have a tremendous army which could be flung back against Britain.
  Và nếu Liên Xô bị đánh bại, thì ông ta sẽ có một đội quân khổng lồ có thể được tung trở lại chống lại Anh.

[14:04] And he would also have extra raw material resources.
  Và ông ta cũng sẽ có thêm nguồn tài nguyên thô.

[14:07] He'd have the oil of Romania at Pesh.
  Ông ta sẽ có dầu của Romania tại Pesh.

[14:09] He'd have the oil of of the Soviet Caucuses at Grznney, what's now Chenya.
  Ông ta sẽ có dầu của vùng Caucasus thuộc Liên Xô tại Grznney, nay là Chechnya.

[14:15] So helping the Soviet Union became the
  Vì vậy, việc giúp đỡ Liên Xô đã trở thành

[14:18] Allied imperative. But how?
  Mệnh lệnh của phe Đồng minh. Nhưng bằng cách nào?

[14:22] Roosevelt was convinced he needed to develop a personal relationship with Churchill to devise a common unified strategy to defeat Hitler.
  Roosevelt tin rằng ông cần phát triển một mối quan hệ cá nhân với Churchill để vạch ra một chiến lược chung thống nhất nhằm đánh bại Hitler.

[14:31] In early August 1941, Churchill set sail for the new world.
  Vào đầu tháng 8 năm 1941, Churchill đã dong buồm ra thế giới mới.

[14:35] From the bridge of the battleship HMS Prince of Wales, Churchill knew the next week might well decide the outcome of this war.
  Từ trên cầu tàu của thiết giáp hạm HMS Prince of Wales, Churchill biết rằng tuần tới có thể sẽ quyết định kết cục của cuộc chiến này.

[14:47] Churchill always believed only I can get to know him, if I can somehow find out who he is and what makes him tick, then we can have a real relationship.
  Churchill luôn tin rằng chỉ có tôi mới có thể hiểu được ông ấy, nếu tôi bằng cách nào đó tìm hiểu được ông ấy là ai và điều gì khiến ông ấy hành động, thì chúng ta mới có thể có một mối quan hệ thực sự.

[14:55] So this trip over was really a moment of great excitement, probably some apprehension, but Churchill's enthusiasm at meeting Roosevelt was intense.
  Vì vậy, chuyến đi này thực sự là một khoảnh khắc đầy phấn khích, có lẽ có chút lo lắng, nhưng sự nhiệt tình của Churchill khi gặp Roosevelt là rất lớn.

[15:09] Sailing on the USS Augusta, Roosevelt traveled north through yubotinfested waters towards his rendevous point with Churchill at Placentia Bay, Newf Foundland.
  Đi trên tàu USS Augusta, Roosevelt đã đi về phía bắc qua vùng nước đầy tàu ngầm về điểm hẹn với Churchill tại Vịnh Placentia, Newfoundland.

[15:17] Roosevelt had long been the
  Roosevelt từ lâu đã là

[15:20] architect of his own foreign policy.
  kiến trúc sư cho chính sách đối ngoại của riêng mình.

[15:23] Now he was heading towards the conference without even notifying Cordell Hull, his secretary of state.
  Bây giờ ông đang hướng tới hội nghị mà không hề thông báo cho Cordell Hull, thư ký ngoại giao của ông.

[15:29] It would not be the first or last slight he would hand his most senior cabinet officer.
  Đó sẽ không phải là sự coi thường đầu tiên hay cuối cùng mà ông dành cho viên chức nội các cao cấp nhất của mình.

[15:34] On August 9th, 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill finally met face to face.
  Vào ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 1941, Roosevelt và Churchill cuối cùng đã gặp mặt trực tiếp.

[15:41] For 3 days, the leaders alternated meetings aboard the two warships.
  Trong 3 ngày, các nhà lãnh đạo đã luân phiên họp trên hai tàu chiến.

[15:46] He was very struck by Roosevelt's courage and fortitude.
  Ông ấy đã rất ấn tượng bởi sự dũng cảm và kiên cường của Roosevelt.

[15:49] The fact that Roosevelt made such an effort, I mean, an incredible physical effort to go from ship to ship and to even stand unaded on the quarter deck at the meeting.
  Việc Roosevelt đã nỗ lực như vậy, ý tôi là, một nỗ lực thể chất đáng kinh ngạc để đi từ tàu này sang tàu khác và thậm chí đứng không có người hỗ trợ trên boong tàu tại cuộc họp.

[16:01] It it meant a lot to Churchill.
  Điều đó có ý nghĩa rất lớn đối với Churchill.

[16:04] The conference produced the first joint declaration of the war.
  Hội nghị đã tạo ra tuyên bố chung đầu tiên của cuộc chiến.

[16:08] Churchill, so determined to ingratiate himself with his new ally, reluctantly signed what became known as the Atlantic Charter, a document that promised liberation for nations struggling under the yoke of Western
  Churchill, với quyết tâm gây ấn tượng với đồng minh mới của mình, đã miễn cưỡng ký vào cái được gọi là Hiến chương Đại Tây Dương, một văn kiện hứa hẹn giải phóng cho các quốc gia đang đấu tranh dưới ách thống trị của phương Tây.

[16:21] colonialism. It was a direct attack on the British Empire.
  Chủ nghĩa thực dân. Đó là một cuộc tấn công trực diện vào Đế quốc Anh.

[16:27] The British almost gagged.
  Người Anh gần như nghẹn lại.

[16:30] I mean, they just thought it was all a bunch of uh nonsense and hoopla and selling us.
  Ý tôi là, họ chỉ nghĩ đó là một đống vô nghĩa, ồn ào và lừa dối chúng ta.

[16:36] and they needed tanks, they needed planes, they needed soldiers, and uh there's um Roosevelt talking about freedoms and democracy and and all these abstractions.
  và họ cần xe tăng, họ cần máy bay, họ cần binh lính, và ờ có um Roosevelt nói về tự do và dân chủ và và tất cả những trừu tượng này.

[16:49] The prime minister reluctantly went along, rationalizing that without American help, there would be no empire to defend.
  Thủ tướng miễn cưỡng đồng ý, biện minh rằng nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của Mỹ, sẽ không còn đế quốc nào để bảo vệ.

[16:57] On August 10th, Churchill choreographed a church service on the deck of the HMS Prince of Wales.
  Vào ngày 10 tháng 8, Churchill đã dàn dựng một buổi lễ nhà thờ trên boong tàu HMS Prince of Wales.

[17:07] They sing, "Oh God, our help in ages past, eternal father, strong to save, and onward Christian soldiers."
  Họ hát, "Ôi Chúa, sự giúp đỡ của chúng con trong những thời đại đã qua, cha vĩnh cửu, sức mạnh để cứu rỗi, và tiến lên những người lính Cơ đốc giáo."

[17:14] The lesson is from Joshua.
  Bài học là từ Joshua.

[17:18] All these words, the Lord's Prayer, all these words would have evoked in
  Tất cả những lời này, Kinh Lạy Cha, tất cả những lời này sẽ gợi lên trong

[17:22] Roosevelt memories of the places where he had learned them and most often repeated them, which was the universe he would most want to protect from harm.
  Ký ức của Roosevelt về những nơi ông đã học và lặp đi lặp lại chúng nhiều nhất, đó là vũ trụ mà ông muốn bảo vệ khỏi nguy hiểm nhất.

[17:33] As FDR ships sailed away, the prime minister turned to an aid and remarked that it had been a great hour to live.
  Khi các con tàu của FDR nhổ neo, thủ tướng quay sang một người trợ lý và nhận xét rằng đó là một giờ tuyệt vời để sống.

[17:46] But the central issue remained.
  Nhưng vấn đề cốt lõi vẫn còn đó.

[17:48] Would Roosevelt get into the fight against Hitler soon enough to make a decisive difference?
  Liệu Roosevelt có tham gia cuộc chiến chống lại Hitler đủ sớm để tạo ra sự khác biệt quyết định không?

[17:52] Then on September 4th, an event out in the Mid-Atlantic appeared to hand Roosevelt the pretext he needed.
  Sau đó vào ngày 4 tháng 9, một sự kiện ở giữa Đại Tây Dương dường như đã trao cho Roosevelt cái cớ mà ông cần.

[18:00] A German submarine fired on the USS Greer.
  Một tàu ngầm Đức đã bắn vào USS Greer.

[18:04] I tell you the blunt fact that the German submarine fired first upon this American destroyer without warning and with deliberate design to sink her.
  Tôi nói với các bạn sự thật thẳng thắn rằng tàu ngầm Đức đã bắn trước vào tàu khu trục Mỹ này mà không cảnh báo và với ý định cố tình đánh chìm nó.

[18:20] But the Greer hadn't sunk, and there was no demand for retribution from the American
  Nhưng tàu Greer đã không bị chìm, và không có yêu cầu trả thù nào từ phía Mỹ.

[18:24] public.
  công khai.

[18:26] Roosevelt would now have to balance the demands of a succession of international crises with a devastating personal loss.
  Roosevelt giờ đây sẽ phải cân bằng giữa những yêu cầu của một loạt các cuộc khủng hoảng quốc tế với một mất mát cá nhân tàn khốc.

[18:34] 3 days after the Greer attack, Roosevelt was summoned to Hyde Park to be at his mother's side as she lay dying.
  3 ngày sau vụ tấn công Greer, Roosevelt được triệu tập đến Hyde Park để ở bên cạnh mẹ mình khi bà đang hấp hối.

[18:42] All his life, they had an unbreakable alliance and a powerful interdependence.
  Suốt cả cuộc đời, họ có một liên minh không thể phá vỡ và sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau mạnh mẽ.

[18:47] A bond that excluded all others, including Elellanar.
  Một mối ràng buộc loại trừ tất cả những người khác, bao gồm cả Elellanar.

[18:52] Sarah Roosevelt was buried two days later next to her husband in the country churchyard at St. John's Episcopal.
  Sarah Roosevelt được chôn cất hai ngày sau đó bên cạnh chồng mình trong nghĩa trang nhà thờ ở St. John's Episcopal.

[18:59] He was in public stoically during his mother's funeral and stood stoically by the graveside as she was lowered into the tomb.
  Ông đã tỏ ra cứng rắn trước công chúng trong đám tang mẹ mình và đứng vững vàng bên mộ khi bà được hạ xuống huyệt.

[19:10] But a couple of days later, his secretary, Grace Tully, was going through some things in the house, and she found a box, and in that box was a little uh snippet of FDR's hair that his mother had kept, and she brought him the
  Nhưng vài ngày sau, thư ký của ông, Grace Tully, đang xem xét một số đồ đạc trong nhà, và bà tìm thấy một chiếc hộp, và trong chiếc hộp đó có một mảnh tóc nhỏ của FDR mà mẹ ông đã giữ, và bà đã mang nó cho ông.

[19:26] box, and she looked up and he was weeping.
  hộp, và cô ấy nhìn lên và anh ấy đang khóc.

[19:34] In quiet moments during the years that followed, he asked his daughter Anna to take him to the grave site where he would sit for hours.
  Trong những khoảnh khắc yên tĩnh trong những năm tiếp theo, ông đã nhờ con gái Anna đưa ông đến ngôi mộ nơi ông sẽ ngồi hàng giờ.

[19:42] In a world where the future seemed so uncertain, Roosevelt found security and solace in the past.
  Trong một thế giới mà tương lai dường như quá bất ổn, Roosevelt tìm thấy sự an toàn và an ủi trong quá khứ.

[19:52] He knew the future was fraught with dangers and challenges he could not control.
  Ông biết tương lai đầy rẫy những nguy hiểm và thách thức mà ông không thể kiểm soát.

[19:55] But in his darkest hour, FDR could not imagine the scale of the carnage that was about to be sustained by his beloved Navy.
  Nhưng trong giờ phút đen tối nhất, FDR không thể tưởng tượng được quy mô của sự tàn sát sắp xảy ra với Hải quân yêu quý của ông.

[20:07] As Roosevelt freted about prospects of being sucked into a European war, the situation in the Pacific was reaching crisis point.
  Khi Roosevelt lo lắng về viễn cảnh bị cuốn vào một cuộc chiến tranh châu Âu, tình hình ở Thái Bình Dương đang đến điểm khủng hoảng.

[20:13] Since the early 1930s, when Japan invaded Manuria, the United States had watched with increasing alarm, but had done little to intervene.
  Kể từ đầu những năm 1930, khi Nhật Bản xâm lược Mãn Châu, Hoa Kỳ đã theo dõi với sự báo động ngày càng tăng, nhưng đã làm rất ít để can thiệp.

[20:23] By 1940, continued Japanese aggression in Asia led Roosevelt to impose a trade
  Đến năm 1940, sự xâm lược tiếp tục của Nhật Bản ở châu Á đã khiến Roosevelt áp đặt một lệnh cấm vận thương mại

[20:28] embargo against Tokyo.

[20:31] In this White House recording made at

[20:33] 4:20 on the afternoon of October 8th,

[20:35] 1940, FDR is heard reading a Scripps

[20:38] Howard dispatch out of Tokyo to his

[20:40] White House staff. The report details

[20:42] the demands Japan was making of the US.

[20:46] A condition of staying out of war is

[20:49] that the United States will recognize

[20:51] the new era in the Far East and that in

[20:55] token of that recognition, the United

[20:57] States must abandon its bases, military

[21:02] on naval bases in Guam,

[21:06] uh Midway,

[21:08] Pearl Harbor, and Wait, including Pearl

[21:11] Harbor. was giving up a wife.

[21:14] God, that's the first time that any damn

[21:17] draft told us to get out of her life.

[21:22] However, he remained convinced that the

[21:24] principal danger to America lay in

[21:26] Europe, not the Far East.

[21:29] In late summer 1941, Roosevelt turned to

[21:32] the military. He asked them to estimate

[21:34] how many men it would take to defeat

[21:36] Hitler and how long before US forces

[21:38] could launch a counter strike across the

[21:40] English Channel. Coordinating the study

[21:42] was Henry Stimson, FDR's Secretary of

[21:45] War and the administration's most senior

[21:47] Republican. The top secret report

[21:49] presented to Roosevelt at the beginning

[21:51] of December 1941 was cenamed Rainbow 5.

[21:55] The assumption was that if war came on

[21:58] two fronts, if it if the United States

[22:00] found itself in a war with both Japan

[22:01] and Germany at the same time, the

[22:03] allocation of resources would be 85% to

[22:06] the European or German theater and 15%

[22:10] to the Pacific where the United States

[22:11] agreed to fight only a defensive or a

[22:13] holding action until uh the uh war

[22:16] against Germany was successfully

[22:18] concluded.

[22:21] To fight the war against Germany,

[22:23] Rainbow 5 called for the creation of a 5

[22:25] million strong expeditionary force.

[22:28] Those men would be ready to lead an

[22:30] invasion across the English Channel by

[22:32] the summer of 1943.

[22:36] Few in Washington knew about the report.

[22:38] Few, that is until the whole plan was

[22:41] leaked to the Chicago Tribune. On

[22:43] December 4th, three days before Pearl

[22:46] Harbor, the Chicago Tribune came out

[22:50] with gigantic headlines. Roosevelt's war

[22:53] plan. This was supposedly a plan that

[22:56] armed services all agreed with and it

[22:58] was a huge uproar. Uh the uh America

[23:03] first people said this proved Roosevelt

[23:05] was a liar, you know, and pointed to his

[23:07] uh saying he never sent somebody to

[23:09] foreign wars. And it was signed by

[23:11] Roosevelt. This war plan, it was a

[23:14] fantastic gamble on Roosevelt's part. A

[23:16] gamble because General Albert Weedmire,

[23:19] the original architect of the plan,

[23:21] became convinced that the president was

[23:23] responsible for the leak. Weedmire

[23:25] believed this was part of Roosevelt's

[23:27] clandestine campaign to get Germany to

[23:29] declare war on the United States first.

[23:32] 3 days later, Roosevelt would have his

[23:35] war, but not the one he expected or

[23:37] wanted to fight. We interrupt this

[23:39] program to bring you a special

[23:41] broadcast. The Japanese have attacked

[23:43] Pearl Harbor in Hawaii from the air.

[23:46] The attack shattered America's sense of

[23:48] invulnerability.

[23:51] 184 aircraft launched from six Japanese

[23:53] carriers caught the Pacific Fleet

[23:55] unaware. The USS California, West

[23:59] Virginia, and Arizona were sunk. 2,43

[24:03] lives were lost.

[24:06] As the news came in from Hawaii, those

[24:08] around FDR, including Elellanar,

[24:11] observed an inscrable level of

[24:13] detachment. When I did go in, I saw him

[24:17] looking very strange and tired, but he

[24:20] was completely calm. He just became

[24:24] almost like an iceberg, and there was

[24:28] never the slightest emotion.

[24:30] [Music]

[24:33] A suspicion emerged in the immediate

[24:35] aftermath of the attack that Roosevelt

[24:37] ignored intelligence warnings of the

[24:39] raid in order to finally have an

[24:42] incident that would propel the country

[24:43] into war.

[24:48] No compelling evidence to that effect

[24:50] has surfaced. Roosevelt and his generals

[24:52] did suspect the Japanese might try

[24:54] something, but not an attack of this

[24:56] scale and not directed at the heart of

[24:58] America's Pacific Fleet.

[25:01] The attack transformed the American

[25:03] political landscape. Isolationism

[25:06] collapsed overnight.

[25:09] On December 8th, 1941, the

[25:11] commander-in-chief went before a joint

[25:13] session of a United Congress to rally a

[25:16] nation for war. Yesterday,

[25:20] December 7th,

[25:22] 1941,

[25:26] a date which will live

[25:29] in infamy.

[25:31] The United States of America

[25:34] was suddenly and deliberately attacked

[25:38] by naval and air forces of the Empire of

[25:42] Japan.

[25:43] No matter how long it may take us to

[25:47] overcome this premeditated invasion, the

[25:51] American people in their righteous might

[25:55] will win through to absolute victory.

[26:00] But one of the immediate problems

[26:01] Roosevelt faced was that the carnage was

[26:04] in Pearl Harbor and that didn't fit the

[26:06] Rainbow 5 scenario.

[26:09] There's a moment, a very frightful

[26:11] moment for Roosevelt and especially for

[26:13] Churchill when they think that the cry

[26:16] for vengeance from the American public

[26:18] will be so irresistible that they will

[26:20] be compelled, Roosevelt will be

[26:22] compelled to wage a premature war on a

[26:26] larger scale in the Pacific than sound

[26:28] strategic doctrine uh held.

[26:32] Winning the military over to this

[26:34] European strategy was made significantly

[26:36] easier for Roosevelt when Adolf Hitler

[26:39] declared war on the United States just 4

[26:41] days after Pearl Harbor.

[26:44] 11 days later on December 22nd,

[26:47] Churchill flew into Washington for a

[26:48] third meeting with Roosevelt. For the

[26:50] next 3 weeks, the president played host

[26:53] to a unique house guest. When Winston

[26:55] Churchill came to the White House, it

[26:57] was almost like a whirlwind having

[26:58] arrived. First of all, he would stay up

[27:00] until 2 am drinking brandy, smoking his

[27:03] cigars. Roosevelt would stay up with him

[27:05] and be so exhausted because he'd have to

[27:06] get up at 9:00 in the morning or 8 in

[27:08] the morning to run the country. And

[27:10] Churchill could take a nap for hours if

[27:12] he wanted to. FDR lived by what he

[27:15] called the Winston hours during those

[27:17] intense days. And though the pace was

[27:19] exhausting for Roosevelt, it was also

[27:21] exhilarating.

[27:24] No sooner, for instance, had Roosevelt

[27:26] seen Churchill's mobile map room than he

[27:28] wanted one of his own so that he too

[27:30] could visualize the progress of the war.

[27:33] For Eleanor, it was all a bit too much.

[27:36] My grandmother was just amused and a

[27:39] little bit taken aback by the enthusiasm

[27:42] of these two boys pushing their ships

[27:44] around as if they were in the bathtub

[27:46] with toy boats.

[27:48] This first wartime summit became known

[27:50] as the Arcadia Conference. It was a time

[27:53] for the military chiefs of both nations

[27:55] to establish procedures for jointly

[27:57] running the war. The combined chiefs of

[28:00] staff committee was formed under which

[28:02] intelligence was shared, campaigns

[28:04] coordinated, and strategic goals

[28:06] unified. Never before or since have two

[28:09] nations worked so closely in time of

[28:11] war. Arcadia ended on January 14th, 1942

[28:15] with the decision that Germany would

[28:17] indeed be the principal focus of Allied

[28:19] attack.

[28:20] Roosevelt now faced the greatest

[28:22] challenge of his political life. To

[28:24] galvanize a nation for war and chart a

[28:27] course toward victory. We must raise our

[28:29] sights all along the production line. In

[28:34] this year 1942,

[28:38] we shall produce 60,000

[28:41] planes. Next year 1943

[28:46] we shall produce

[28:48] 125,000

[28:50] airplanes including 100,000 combat

[28:54] planes. Let no man say it cannot be

[28:58] done. It must be done and we have

[29:02] undertaken to do it.

[29:04] [Applause]

[29:07] It would be the beginning of the largest

[29:09] military buildup in world history. But

[29:11] America's transition into war was

[29:13] neither easy nor without controversy. In

[29:15] the aftermath of Pearl Harbor, Elellanar

[29:17] would find herself in passionate

[29:19] disagreement with the president. Their

[29:21] dispute centered on an order issued by

[29:23] FDR that forcibly uprooted more than a

[29:26] 100,000 Japanese Americans and

[29:29] imprisoned them in distant internment

[29:31] camps.

[29:33] Throughout California, Japanese American

[29:35] homes and businesses were burned as

[29:37] retribution for the attack on Pearl

[29:39] Harbor. West Coast governors demanded

[29:42] they be rounded up and sent to detention

[29:44] camps for the duration of the war.

[29:47] A week after the Pearl Harbor attack,

[29:50] Elellaner traveled to California to show

[29:52] solidarity with Japanese Americans. For

[29:54] weeks, the administration debated

[29:56] whether these Americans should be

[29:57] interned. Elellaner was viferous in

[30:00] stating her position. Elellanar

[30:02] Roosevelt was absolutely adamantly

[30:04] opposed to internment.

[30:06] She considered internment

[30:08] unconstitutional,

[30:10] unnecessary,

[30:12] unethical, stupid, and dangerous

[30:15] politics.

[30:16] All those words she used in various

[30:19] forms.

[30:21] However, as the hysteria grew, the

[30:23] president felt he had to address public

[30:26] fears over the possible infiltration of

[30:28] Japanese saboturs. On February 19th,

[30:31] 1942, Roosevelt issued Executive Order

[30:34] 90066,

[30:35] which resulted in the forced

[30:37] incarceration of Japanese Americans.

[30:40] Within a year, 110,000 were sent to

[30:43] relocation centers. Most spent the next

[30:45] 3 years behind barbed wire. I had just

[30:49] finished kindergarten.

[30:51] Um, and on May 1st, the soldiers came

[30:54] with their rifle and bayonet and marched

[30:58] as little kids to the truck.

[31:03] The Okimoto family was rounded up in the

[31:05] spring of 1942 and sent from San

[31:07] Francisco to the post and relocation

[31:09] camp built on an Indian reservation

[31:11] across the Arizona California border.

[31:14] My little brother was 2 weeks old and we

[31:18] arrived in Arizona and it was in the

[31:22] hottest time in that desert. The

[31:26] temperature goes up to 115

[31:29] 120 sometimes. It was a barren barren

[31:32] desert because there were six of us. We

[31:36] were assigned to a room that was 20 by

[31:38] 24 ft. just a room with a light bulb,

[31:42] uh, CS, and we had to use a public

[31:46] latrine in the middle of the block, and

[31:49] that's where we lived for 3 years.

[31:52] The internment of Japanese Americans

[31:54] lasted until November of 1944.

[31:59] 40 years later, President Ronald Reagan

[32:01] formally apologized to the internes.

[32:04] He embraced the finding of a

[32:06] presidential commission that said the

[32:08] policy of internment was militarily

[32:09] unjustified and it resulted from race

[32:12] prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure

[32:14] of political leadership.

[32:18] But in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor,

[32:20] the civil rights of Japanese Americans

[32:22] weren't a priority for a president

[32:24] focused on victory. Let's remember

[32:28] Pearl Harbor

[32:30] as we go to meet the

[32:35] By the summer of 1942, American industry

[32:38] was proliferating weapons of war,

[32:40] matching and even exceeding Roosevelt's

[32:42] ambitious challenge. Production plants

[32:45] were transforming the American

[32:46] workforce. The country had work for

[32:48] every able-bodied American.

[32:51] Let's remember

[32:53] Pearl Harbor

[32:55] and go on to victory.

[32:58] [Music]

[33:00] Rosie the Riveter became the mythical

[33:02] symbol enticing women into the

[33:04] workforce.

[33:10] In September 1942, the president and the

[33:13] first lady undertook a rare trip

[33:14] together. A two-week inspection tour

[33:17] that took them from Michigan to

[33:18] Minnesota, Washington, and California.

[33:22] When Eleanor went on this trip, she felt

[33:24] an enormous sense of pride at looking at

[33:26] how many women were on the assembly

[33:28] lines, and she could see in their faces

[33:30] their sense of pride in their own work,

[33:32] the independence that they were

[33:33] experiencing. She even said, "If I were

[33:35] of debutant age, she's now 57 at that

[33:38] point, there's nothing I would rather do

[33:40] than to be in a factory." Although they

[33:42] met initial resistance, by the end of

[33:44] the war, nearly 2 million women were

[33:46] employed in defense industries.

[33:50] Now Roosevelt had to assemble his

[33:52] military team. In 1913, his first job in

[33:55] Washington was as an assistant secretary

[33:58] of the Navy. Consequently, he felt he

[34:00] knew how the war department worked and

[34:02] the kind of generals and admirals he

[34:04] needed to secure victory. He was very

[34:07] careful in his selection of people and

[34:10] he had a knack of pick picking people

[34:13] out and putting them in the right

[34:15] position. The first example of which

[34:18] would be General Marshall.

[34:20] By picking George Marshall to be the

[34:22] Army Chief of Staff, Roosevelt had

[34:24] reached well down the military's chain

[34:26] of command. But he found an officer with

[34:28] broad strategic vision and composure

[34:31] under fire. I don't think that there was

[34:34] anybody that Roosevelt more relied upon

[34:37] for the national security interests of

[34:39] the United States during wartime than

[34:41] George Marshall. Yet he was the only one

[34:44] of Roosevelt's generals or admirals that

[34:46] he didn't call by his first name. It was

[34:47] always General Marshall. Marshall didn't

[34:50] want to go to Hyde Park. He didn't want

[34:51] to be invited to dinner. He didn't want

[34:53] to have a personal relationship with the

[34:55] president. But personal relationships

[34:58] were crucial to Roosevelt. The very

[35:00] nature of his disability restricted his

[35:02] access outside the White House. So a

[35:04] small group of friends were brought into

[35:06] his world.

[35:08] Well, there's no question that for

[35:10] Roosevelt, having people around him was

[35:13] the source of his renewed energy. He

[35:15] needed to figure out ways to replenish

[35:16] that energy to face the struggles of the

[35:18] following day. Storytelling and

[35:21] conversations with people are his source

[35:23] of life and energy.

[35:25] Many weekends during the war, he would

[35:26] secretly head north to Hyde Park. There

[35:29] he could be among friends, a time for

[35:31] cocktails, laughter, and inconsequential

[35:34] banter.

[35:36] He loved gossip. He gathered people who

[35:38] knew things. Uh not necessarily

[35:40] important things. He liked to know what

[35:42] movie star was fooling around with what

[35:44] movie star. Things like that he loved.

[35:46] Indeed, he had a simple rule with all

[35:48] these characters there that there'd be a

[35:50] cocktail hour at night. And the only

[35:52] demand of that cocktail hour was you

[35:53] couldn't talk about the war. You

[35:55] couldn't talk about politics. It was the

[35:57] one part of the day that was sacrian.

[36:00] Part of the ritual was that Roosevelt

[36:01] insisted that he act as bartender.

[36:04] His martinis were not that strong.

[36:08] 2 to one.

[36:10] Although he'd throw in a little gin at

[36:12] the end, very careful measuring and then

[36:15] right at the end pour a little more gin

[36:17] in. He also put in two or three drops of

[36:21] absin,

[36:23] changing the taste of a martini to where

[36:26] many people, it is recorded, say, "The

[36:30] president made the worst martinis I've

[36:32] ever tasted."

[36:35] Those sessions would keep the

[36:36] commander-in-chief going, but it didn't

[36:39] stop the war from escalating on all

[36:41] fronts. In 1942, the big picture was the

[36:45] possibility of a Russian capitulation.

[36:48] Stalin insisted that only the opening of

[36:50] a second front in northern France would

[36:52] save Russia from impending defeat. Also

[36:55] pressing the strategy were General

[36:57] George Marshall and many of the American

[36:59] chiefs.

[37:02] But Churchill strongly objected. He

[37:04] feared the casualties would be

[37:06] horrendous. For weeks, the

[37:07] Anglo-American allies spent their

[37:09] energies fighting each other. There were

[37:11] knockown dragout bitter fights. Marshall

[37:14] once said, "You know, I spend all my

[37:16] days trying to sort out disputes between

[37:18] the Air Force and the Army and the Navy

[37:20] and between the British and the French

[37:21] and the Americans, and it's only at the

[37:24] end of the day when I get home and fix

[37:25] my first highball that I remember that

[37:27] I'm fighting the Germans and the

[37:28] Japanese." The coalition was in crisis

[37:31] before it had undertaken its first joint

[37:33] operation. Churchill would have to take

[37:36] another trip across the Atlantic to

[37:38] prevent a breach with Roosevelt.

[37:43] On June 19th, 1942, the British Prime

[37:46] Minister flew to Hyde Park to bridge the

[37:49] divide separating the two Allied

[37:50] nations. In the Library of the Roosevelt

[37:53] family home, FDR and Churchill agreed to

[37:56] push ahead with the development of the

[37:57] Manhattan Project, the joint effort to

[37:59] build an atomic bomb. That agreement had

[38:02] been simple to achieve. But as the

[38:04] leader sat around the pool at Elner's

[38:06] home at Valkill, Churchill tried to

[38:08] convince Roosevelt to commit US troops

[38:10] to a North African landing. It wouldn't

[38:13] require taking on German forces

[38:15] directly. Instead, Churchill was

[38:17] promising an easier fight against the

[38:19] Vichy French. But Churchill not only

[38:22] prevails upon Roosevelt to do this, but

[38:24] he manages in one of the great act of

[38:26] political wizardry to convince Roosevelt

[38:29] that the North African operation was his

[38:31] Roosevelt's original idea, which was

[38:33] just nuts because it was really

[38:34] Churchill's operation. The American

[38:37] military chiefs of staff dismissed this

[38:39] as periphery pecking. Their objective

[38:41] was to knock out Germany's capacity to

[38:43] to wage war by knocking out its

[38:45] industrial establishment. So North

[38:47] Africa from this strategic perspective

[38:49] was a great distraction. To lead

[38:51] American forces into North Africa, FDR

[38:54] passed over 366 more senior officers to

[38:57] appoint General General Dwight

[38:58] Eisenhower. Roosevelt told his family

[39:01] why

[39:03] he has the best political mind of all

[39:05] the generals I have. Eisenhower hid it

[39:08] behind that warm smile and the joking

[39:11] manner and so forth was a steely mind.

[39:15] What FDR didn't know was that Eisenhower

[39:17] was one of the generals fiercely opposed

[39:19] to the operation he was now to lead.

[39:26] But regardless of his apprehension,

[39:29] Operation Torch, the North African

[39:30] invasion, began on November 8th, 1942.

[39:35] General George Patton aboard the USS

[39:38] Augusta oversaw the landing of more than

[39:40] 33,000 Allied forces.

[39:45] Roosevelt was in Hyde Park when he

[39:47] received news by telephone that the

[39:48] assault had begun. An aid noticed that

[39:51] his hand was trembling. He listened,

[39:54] then announced, "We have landed in North

[39:56] Africa. Casualties are below

[39:58] expectations. We are fighting back."

[40:02] He reassured the country that acting as

[40:04] the United Nations, the Allied powers

[40:06] had just begun their counterattack. I

[40:09] cannot tell you when or where the United

[40:13] Nations are going to strike next in

[40:17] Europe,

[40:18] but we are going to strike and strike

[40:21] hard.

[40:22] [Applause]

[40:28] [Music]

[40:30] In January 1943, FDR and Churchill

[40:34] arrived in newly liberated Morocco for a

[40:36] top secret conference at Casablanca.

[40:39] Stalin was invited, but insisted it was

[40:42] too dangerous to leave Moscow.

[40:44] [Music]

[40:52] Roosevelt decided to travel without

[40:54] Secretary of State Cordell Hull. He told

[40:57] his staff that Hull was stubborn,

[40:58] inflexible, and difficult to handle. "He

[41:00] would have been such a nuisance,"

[41:02] Roosevelt told Averil Haramman, one of

[41:04] the few advisers brought along. "He

[41:07] relied instead on Harry Hopkins and

[41:09] generals Marshall and Eisenhower."

[41:12] "It was on the final day of the

[41:13] conference that FDR made real news.

[41:16] Without consulting Churchill, he

[41:18] announced uncompromising terms for

[41:20] ending the war against Hitler." So then

[41:22] Roosevelt said, "I feel that victory

[41:25] against Germany, true victory against

[41:27] Germany, can only be achieved by

[41:30] unconditional surrender." And he looked

[41:33] at Churchill as if, of course, we agreed

[41:35] on this and so forth. And Churchill was

[41:37] absolutely flabbergasted. And moreover,

[41:41] standing behind Roosevelt was George

[41:44] Marshall, Dwight Eisenhower, and a whole

[41:47] slew of other American generals, all of

[41:49] whom loathed the idea because it was

[41:52] only going to make the Germans fight

[41:53] harder. But the purpose of Roosevelt's

[41:56] announcement was to stiffen Russian

[41:58] resolve, prove to Stalin that he should

[42:00] hang on, that America was serious about

[42:02] defeating Germany, and intended to fight

[42:04] to the bitter end.

[42:12] At the end of the conference, Churchill

[42:14] suggested that the president forget the

[42:16] burdens of war and travel with the prime

[42:18] minister across the Moroccan desert to a

[42:20] magical spot Churchill wanted to share.

[42:24] Thousands of American troops lined the

[42:26] route from Casablanca to Marrakesh.

[42:28] [Music]

[42:30] At Lasadia, a villa overlooking the

[42:32] Atlas Mountains, Roosevelt was lifted up

[42:35] 62 steps to the top of a tower to watch

[42:38] the sunset. There's a wonderful picture

[42:40] of the two men at this moment where

[42:42] Churchill is staring at Roosevelt with a

[42:44] kind of tenderness in his eyes. And I

[42:47] really think that begins to show uh the

[42:51] deep affection of the two men.

[42:53] The Casablanca Conference was the high

[42:56] point of Churchill's war, the last time

[42:58] he and Roosevelt would meet as equals.

[43:02] For Roosevelt, the conference and the

[43:04] two-day diversion left an indelible

[43:06] impression. My grandfather talked at the

[43:08] dinner table about not only that

[43:11] beautiful sunset, but the

[43:16] pleasure that Winston Churchill had. And

[43:19] the reason I talk about their friendship

[43:22] is that you could sense from FDR's

[43:24] comments, the tone of his voice, the

[43:26] warmth in his in his voice that he

[43:29] appreciated Churchill's appreciation of

[43:31] the scene. I can assure you that FDR

[43:36] would not have been carried up the 62

[43:38] steps to get up into the tower unless it

[43:42] was because his friend wanted it.

[43:45] But sadly, there was someone missing

[43:47] that first night home after a journey of

[43:49] 8,000 m. An absence that for FDR

[43:53] compounded a growing sense of isolation.

[43:55] When Franklin returned from Casablanca,

[43:57] one gets the feeling that he couldn't

[43:58] wait to tell Eleanor all about what had

[44:00] happened there with Churchill and so

[44:02] many stories to tell. And just as when

[44:04] he was a young boy, when he'd come home

[44:06] from college or home from school, his

[44:08] mother would be there with welcoming

[44:09] arms. He goes into the White House

[44:11] hoping that she will be there with

[44:12] welcoming arms. But sadly, when he gets

[44:15] there, there's a handwritten note from

[44:16] Eleanor saying, "Welcome home. Sorry I

[44:18] can't be here, but I had a pre-arranged

[44:20] lecture at Cooper Union." It seemed that

[44:23] always there were two ships passing in

[44:24] the night.

[44:27] Few outside the Roosevelt family knew

[44:30] that the war was significantly draining

[44:32] the president's strength and resilience,

[44:34] that the job he once said he loved was

[44:36] exacting a cruel toll.

[44:39] By the summer of 1943, Roosevelt was

[44:42] pretty lonely. Missy Leand had had her

[44:44] stroke. His mother had died. And I think

[44:47] he needed Eleanor. He needed her almost

[44:49] as if he wanted her to be his wife

[44:50] again. It had been 25 years since

[44:54] Franklin's infidelity with Lucy Mercer

[44:56] nearly destroyed the Roosevelt's

[44:57] marriage. Now he wanted to try to

[44:59] restore his relationship with his wife.

[45:03] During a tour of southern and midwestern

[45:05] army bases, Franklin asked Elellanar

[45:07] whether she would be willing to stay

[45:08] home more, keep him company, and become

[45:11] his emotional as well as political

[45:13] partner. Ellaner asked for time to

[45:16] consider.

[45:17] [Music]

[45:20] When they finally got back to the

[45:21] conversation about whether or not she

[45:23] might re-establish her relationship with

[45:26] him, what she did with great enthusiasm

[45:28] was to say, "Could I please have

[45:30] permission to go and visit the troops in

[45:31] the South Pacific?"

[45:33] FDR didn't argue. He would never again

[45:36] broach the idea that the rift that had

[45:38] grown between them might be healed.

[45:40] Instead, he approved Elellanar's

[45:42] request, one that would take her on a

[45:44] 23,000mi trip through the Pacific and

[45:47] would shake Elellanar to her core.

[45:50] [Music]

[45:52] In the summer of 1943, Ellaner set off

[45:55] for the Pacific. She was to visit nearly

[45:57] 400,000 soldiers. The men loved her. I

[46:01] walked through miles of hospital wards

[46:04] on that trip. So many times a

[46:07] serviceman's face would light up if I

[46:10] could say, "I know your town."

[46:14] For the first time, Ellaner confronted

[46:16] the reality of war, images of death and

[46:18] dying that left an indelible mark. She

[46:22] was seeing the other face of war when

[46:23] she went to the South Pacific. So

[46:26] contrasting to that excited face of war

[46:28] that you saw on those tours of

[46:30] production facilities where everything

[46:32] was being built here. Now she sees that

[46:34] my god what we're building these ships

[46:35] and the tanks and the weapons are being

[46:37] used to kill people and to kill our own

[46:39] people as well.

[46:42] Elellaner came back from the Pacific

[46:44] determined to ensure that the sacrifices

[46:46] of American soldiers would result in the

[46:48] emergence of a more just society at

[46:51] war's end.

[46:53] And if your heart is with any man in

[46:57] some way it must be with all.

[47:01] All the men are our men, part of our

[47:05] United States, which they have saved, so

[47:09] that we can still call it the land of

[47:13] the free and the home of the brave.

[47:18] Ellaner's successes were tangible. By

[47:21] 1943, FDR at Elellaner's urging had

[47:25] issued an executive order banning

[47:27] discrimination in the defense industries

[47:29] and mandated increased integration of

[47:32] the armed services. Small but

[47:34] significant steps on the road to racial

[47:36] justice.

[47:38] For his part, FDR began to look towards

[47:40] the America the troops would find when

[47:42] they came home. On July 28th, 1943, he

[47:46] spoke of the kind of society he wanted

[47:48] to see emerge from the sacrifice of

[47:50] millions of ordinary Americans. He laid

[47:53] out the blueprint for what became the GI

[47:56] Bill of Rights. We are today laying

[47:58] plans for the return to civilian life of

[48:02] our gallant men and women in the armed

[48:06] services. They must not be demobilized

[48:10] into an environment of inflation and

[48:13] unemployment

[48:14] to a place on the bread line or on a

[48:18] corner selling apples. We must this time

[48:22] have plans ready.

[48:25] But the war was not over. By the fall of

[48:28] 43, FDR would finally meet the Soviet

[48:31] leader Joseph Stalin.

[48:33] Churchill warned the president that the

[48:35] Bolevixs weren't to be trusted.

[48:36] Roosevelt thought he knew better. He

[48:39] didn't.

[48:45] On the Soviet front, the tide had

[48:47] finally turned. Russian troops defeated

[48:50] the Nazis at Leningrad and Stalenrad.

[48:53] Hitler's troops were now in headlong

[48:55] retreat as Soviet divisions moved toward

[48:58] the Polish eastern border.

[49:03] The Soviets recognized that if they were

[49:05] the only ones marching on Berlin, Moscow

[49:08] would dictate the post-war map of

[49:10] Europe. I believe Stalin was already

[49:13] calculating what the post-war world

[49:16] would look like and that what had to

[49:18] come out of this war, the price that the

[49:19] Soviet Union paid was so heavy, was so

[49:22] dire that uh they he wanted them to

[49:25] dominate the continent. The path to

[49:27] victory in the Pacific was also coming

[49:29] into focus. At the helm, Roosevelt had

[49:31] appointed four-star General Douglas

[49:33] MacArthur as his theater commander, a

[49:35] man he neither liked nor trusted. But

[49:38] MacArthur was respected among his fellow

[49:40] officers. And there was another crucial

[49:42] political consideration to be made. He

[49:44] picked MacArthur for the Pacific for

[49:47] rather odd reasons to keep him occupied

[49:49] and out of his hair. MacArthur being so

[49:51] anti- Roosevelt, anti- New Deal, arch

[49:54] conservative. For over a year, MacArthur

[49:57] had protested the European first

[49:59] strategy. He warned that nothing short

[50:01] of an invasion of Japan would secure

[50:03] total victory, an invasion that might

[50:06] cost a million American lives. Roosevelt

[50:09] saw a partial solution. He would get the

[50:11] Soviets to end their policy of Asian

[50:13] neutrality and join the fight. No one

[50:16] yet knew if the atomic bomb would work,

[50:18] if it would be available in time to be

[50:20] used either in Europe or in Japan, uh

[50:23] what its effect might be. There were

[50:25] huge question marks about that

[50:27] particular uh piece of technology. So

[50:29] there was a lot writing on the idea that

[50:32] the it would be the Soviet entry that

[50:34] would finally uh crush Japan's ambitions

[50:37] in Asia. On the afternoon of November

[50:40] 11th, 1943, Roosevelt stole away from

[50:43] the White House, crossing the Atlantic

[50:45] for a top secret conference in Tehran

[50:47] with Winston Churchill and for the first

[50:50] time, the person FDR most wanted to

[50:52] meet, Joseph Stalin. He was hopeful that

[50:56] Stalin would come to understand that the

[50:58] United States was not an aggressive

[51:00] imperial power, that we had no long-term

[51:04] designs on destroying uh the Soviet

[51:07] system or Soviet government. Before the

[51:10] first session, Roosevelt warned

[51:11] Churchill that he intended to poke fun

[51:13] at the British Prime Minister's bulldog

[51:15] determination.

[51:17] Really, what he was trying to do was to

[51:19] ingratiate himself with Stalin at

[51:22] Churchill's expense.

[51:24] [Music]

[51:26] Despite the advanced warning, the

[51:27] ridicule proved difficult to accept for

[51:29] the notoriously insecure prime minister.

[51:34] I think he was humiliated by it. I think

[51:36] he was angry but stoical. He

[51:40] again it was it was this question which

[51:42] was always in Churchill's mind. Have I

[51:45] established a real intimacy with

[51:47] Roosevelt?

[51:49] Am I going to be able to be absolutely

[51:52] honest with him? Whether Roosevelt felt

[51:55] the strategy worked remains unclear.

[51:58] However, Tyran did produce tangible if

[52:01] controversial agreements. He signaled to

[52:05] Stalin at Thyron very very clearly, I

[52:07] think unambiguously, that the United

[52:10] States would give the Soviet Union a

[52:12] fairly free hand in the areas of Eastern

[52:15] Europe that the Red Army liberated in

[52:17] the course of the fighting in World War

[52:19] II. Stalin, it seems to me, quite

[52:21] understandably, came away from that

[52:23] meeting thinking that he had the

[52:25] approval of Franklin Roosevelt for being

[52:28] the dominant power in Eastern Europe at

[52:31] the war's conclusion. A tacid

[52:32] understanding given in part to win

[52:34] Soviet agreement to take on Japan after

[52:37] the fall of Germany. FTR returned to

[52:40] Washington claiming he had secured a

[52:42] breakthrough at Tran, that he'd

[52:43] established a close personal

[52:44] relationship with the Soviet leader. He

[52:47] gave an upbeat assessment for the weekly

[52:49] news reels. I may say that I got along

[52:53] fine with Marshall Stallene.

[52:57] He is a man who combines a tremendous

[53:00] relentless determination

[53:02] with a stalwart good humor. And I

[53:06] believe that we are going to get along

[53:07] very well with him and the Russian

[53:10] people. Very well indeed.

[53:14] Privately, Roosevelt later told Ellaner

[53:16] that the greatest challenge he faced was

[53:18] to win Stalin's trust. My husband said,

[53:21] "Stalline has no faith in us at all. So

[53:24] I think the only thing we can do since

[53:27] we must stay together as allies and

[53:29] trust each other as allies is to see to

[53:32] it that from now on whatever we promise

[53:36] we keep our word. And not only we keep

[53:39] our word but we see to it that the

[53:41] British keep their word.

[53:44] As 1944 began Roosevelt was about to

[53:46] face the rigors of yet another

[53:48] presidential campaign. By now his body

[53:51] was wearing down. His energy and drive

[53:54] were waning. His closest friends feared

[53:56] he might not live to relish the fruits

[53:59] of a battle won.

[54:05] By January 1944, FDR had been president

[54:09] for 11 years. Yet after all this time,

[54:12] the president still found it necessary

[54:14] to remain secretive, to restrict

[54:16] information not just from his

[54:18] contemporaries, but also from history.

[54:21] He left no written record behind. He

[54:24] didn't want note-taking uh done at

[54:25] cabinet meetings. If he'd had his way,

[54:27] all the records of his meetings with

[54:29] Stalin and Churchill and other heads of

[54:31] state would have been destroyed. One

[54:33] private record was kept. It was written

[54:35] by his distant cousin Daisy Sukley, who

[54:38] was his nearly constant companion during

[54:40] the last year of his life. Her diary,

[54:43] discovered in a suitcase under her bed

[54:45] 50 years after Roosevelt's death,

[54:47] provides a unique insight into what

[54:49] would be the final year of Roosevelt's

[54:51] life.

[54:53] February 24th, 1944.

[54:57] The president is tired. He acknowledges

[54:59] it and wants to get out of his grueling

[55:01] job, but there is too much demand for

[55:04] him to stay in, not only from this

[55:06] country, but also from the United

[55:08] Nations. If one could only look into the

[55:11] future.

[55:14] It is through Daisy's eyes that we learn

[55:16] about the rapidly declining health that

[55:18] for too long was obvious to Daisy and

[55:20] the president's daughter, Anna, who had

[55:22] come to live at the White House. They

[55:24] observed an inability to concentrate and

[55:26] his frequent complaint of severe

[55:28] headaches, symptoms that troubled the

[55:30] two women far more than they appeared to

[55:32] worry the president's own doctors.

[55:35] March 2nd, 1944.

[55:38] The president felt feverish and

[55:40] generally miserable and lay on the sofa.

[55:43] Anna and I put pillows behind him.

[55:48] March 24th. President in bed again. He

[55:52] has a slight fever and he worries about

[55:54] it, but neither he nor the doctor seems

[55:57] to know how to get down to first

[55:58] principles.

[56:00] Daisy was a very careful watcher of of

[56:04] FDR and she began to notice uh a sort of

[56:09] um uh periodic weakening uh when he he

[56:14] he seemed sort of ashen and he would

[56:17] lose track of what he was talking about

[56:19] sometimes and she worried a great deal

[56:21] about it. Uh she kept it to herself

[56:24] again and then she finally talked to

[56:26] Anna the president's daughter. They

[56:29] pressured the White House physician,

[56:30] Admiral Ross McIntyre, to send Roosevelt

[56:33] to Bethesda Naval Hospital for a

[56:35] complete examination.

[56:38] Dr. Howard Breuan, the cardiologist who

[56:40] examined him, was horrified by what he

[56:42] found. He noted that the heart was

[56:44] enlarged, considerably enlarged. He

[56:47] noticed that the blood pressure was

[56:48] elevated in the 180 over about 10510

[56:53] range with heart murmurs. And he has a

[56:56] distended aorta. The aorta is the main

[56:59] blood vessel leading from the heart and

[57:02] it's distended as a result of the

[57:03] hypertension. In other words, he is in a

[57:06] fairly advanced state of congestive

[57:08] heart failure. And he never asks a

[57:10] question, what are you finding, doc?

[57:12] What's happening to me? It's as if he

[57:13] didn't want to know. But more damningly,

[57:15] the doctor, Dr. McIntyre, never really

[57:18] told Roosevelt the extent of his illness

[57:20] at that time, somehow assuming that he

[57:22] had the right not to let Roosevelt know.

[57:25] A team of doctors reviewed Bruin's

[57:27] findings. All agreed and insisted that

[57:30] without a significant reduction in his

[57:32] workload, Roosevelt would be dead within

[57:34] a matter of months.

[57:36] So in early April, under a veil of

[57:39] secrecy, FDR traveled to Georgetown,

[57:41] South Carolina to a remote southern

[57:44] plantation owned by the New York

[57:45] venereier Bernard Baroo.

[57:49] FDR stayed here for a month. With him

[57:52] was his devoted Daisy. There to ensure

[57:54] the president adhered to doctor's

[57:56] orders. He reduced his work week to 20

[58:00] hours a week.

[58:02] Can you imagine? This is the the the man

[58:04] running a global war

[58:07] as well as trying to be president of the

[58:09] the one a great country and and he's

[58:12] he's been told you can't work more than

[58:14] 20 hours a week. It was a time to adjust

[58:16] to the strict changes insisted on by

[58:18] Breuan and his team. His

[58:22] daily smoking habit was cut from 20

[58:24] cigarettes a day to 10. For the first

[58:26] time, the presidential diet was

[58:28] monitored, a decision that didn't sit

[58:30] well with the patient. April 4th, 1944.

[58:34] The dietician evidently is not

[58:36] prepossessing.

[58:37] Franklin wants to get rid of her, thinks

[58:40] he can do better himself, and is

[58:41] seriously thinking of having a gun

[58:43] brought to him so he can simply shoot

[58:45] all the disagreeable people who keep

[58:47] coming back all the time. But

[58:49] Roosevelt's recovery was painfully slow.

[58:52] The headaches persisted, as did his

[58:54] tendency to lose focus. He began to have

[58:57] uh uh spells where he would literally

[59:00] fall sort of semi unconscious or almost

[59:03] fall asleep and uh he found it harder

[59:05] and harder to follow a train of thought

[59:08] for very long. You know, he would start

[59:09] to wobble and his mind would wander all

[59:11] over the place. While he was at the

[59:14] Baroo plantation, FDR insisted he wanted

[59:17] to see the recently widowed Lucy Mercer

[59:20] Rutherford, the woman with whom he'd had

[59:22] an affair 25 years earlier. FDR was very

[59:26] lonely. Uh I think his his wife was

[59:29] away, his mother was dead, and he was

[59:33] feeling,

[59:34] however he showed it on the outside,

[59:36] increasingly gray and tired and worn.

[59:40] And he he needed to be cheered up. And I

[59:43] think uh he he he reached back to find

[59:47] uh Lucy Mercer again to bring some

[59:51] warmth back into his life. So he went to

[59:53] Anna and asked her a very difficult

[59:55] thing if she would be the one to arrange

[59:57] Lucy's visits when her mother was away

[59:59] so that her mother wouldn't be hurt.

[01:00:01] When he asked my mother to do so, she

[01:00:04] was very upset.

[01:00:06] perfectly well aware that not only would

[01:00:09] her mother, if she ever found out, be

[01:00:11] irate, but the chances of her mother

[01:00:13] finding out eventually were pretty damn

[01:00:15] good. She knew she was stepping into a

[01:00:19] situation

[01:00:21] she could only lose. But as she talked

[01:00:24] to me about it later, she felt anything

[01:00:27] that would alleviate

[01:00:30] P's sense of loneliness, anything that

[01:00:33] would alleviate the health, anything to

[01:00:35] keep him going till the end of the war,

[01:00:39] she needed to do.

[01:00:42] Away from prying eyes, FDR and Lucy

[01:00:45] Rutherford would drive out to view the

[01:00:47] salt marshes that surrounded Baroo's

[01:00:49] sprawling 17,000 acre estate.

[01:00:51] [Music]

[01:00:53] This was not the rebirth of a physical

[01:00:55] relationship, just two old friends with

[01:00:58] shared memories that reached back to

[01:01:00] happier times. An escape from military

[01:01:03] pressures as the long- awaited Allied

[01:01:05] invasion across the English Channel

[01:01:07] loomed ahead.

[01:01:10] June 6th, 1944,

[01:01:14] D-Day.

[01:01:17] FDR and Churchill ordered more than

[01:01:19] 150,000 men into action deployed across

[01:01:22] the English Channel on 5,000 ships, the

[01:01:25] largest armada in history.

[01:01:30] Now from the White House, the president

[01:01:32] led the nation in prayer.

[01:01:35] Almighty God,

[01:01:37] our sons, pride of our nation,

[01:01:42] this day have set upon a mighty

[01:01:44] endeavor,

[01:01:45] a struggle to preserve our republic,

[01:01:49] our religion, and our civilization,

[01:01:53] and to set free a suffering humanity.

[01:01:59] The previous night, FDR told his family

[01:02:01] that he wanted to retire from public

[01:02:03] life, but felt that wasn't an option

[01:02:05] until final victory was secured. That

[01:02:08] required election to an unprecedented

[01:02:11] fourth term. FDR was aware, I believe,

[01:02:15] clearly aware of his declining health.

[01:02:18] Clearly aware that he had to get out of

[01:02:21] harness, but there was nobody to replace

[01:02:24] him.

[01:02:25] And he knew that until the victory had

[01:02:28] done. And there is also the matter of

[01:02:30] pride. No soldier had said, "I've had

[01:02:34] enough of this." And walked off the

[01:02:35] battlefield.

[01:02:37] He was a soldier in that sense. And he

[01:02:41] was considered as such by the American

[01:02:44] people. They would have been horrified

[01:02:47] if he'd said, "I'm not up to the job."

[01:02:52] But by the summer of 1944, FDR wasn't up

[01:02:55] to the job. All his remaining energy was

[01:02:58] spent perpetuating an illusion, for

[01:03:00] America was about to reelect a dying

[01:03:02] man.

[01:03:09] In the late 1930s, despite evidence of

[01:03:11] increasing Nazi anti-semitism, the State

[01:03:14] Department opposed liberalizing

[01:03:16] immigration quotas for German Jews.

[01:03:20] Elellanar had fiercely objected. FDR had

[01:03:23] acquiesced.

[01:03:26] It was an action supported by 71% of

[01:03:28] Americans, according to a Gallup poll

[01:03:30] taken in 1938.

[01:03:32] [Music]

[01:03:38] Late in the war, anecdotal reports of

[01:03:40] Nazi death camps were heard in

[01:03:42] Washington. But it wasn't until the

[01:03:44] summer of 1944 that the military first

[01:03:46] requested that rail lines leading to

[01:03:48] Awitz be bombed.

[01:03:55] The plan was rejected because the

[01:03:56] targets were not considered vital to the

[01:03:58] prosecution of the war and in reality

[01:04:01] saving Jews was not a priority for FDR.

[01:04:07] Would it have been a decisive blow to

[01:04:09] the Nazi extermination program in

[01:04:11] sending Jews to Avitz? Probably not. But

[01:04:14] it certainly would have sent a moral

[01:04:18] message, so to speak. We know what

[01:04:20] you're doing. We are determined to

[01:04:23] counter this. And so Roosevelt in that

[01:04:26] sense loses out as a some of his moral

[01:04:30] uh reputation is is blighted is uh

[01:04:34] shadowed by the fact that he doesn't

[01:04:36] make this decision to uh do the moral

[01:04:40] things is exaggerated to see him as

[01:04:43] somehow culpable for the deaths of

[01:04:46] millions of Jews. Whatever his

[01:04:48] culpability, FDR remained narrowly

[01:04:51] focused on one goal, complete and

[01:04:53] unconditional German surrender. Victory,

[01:04:56] he argued, would save the Jews, and

[01:04:58] every ounce of his diminishing strength

[01:05:00] would go towards that end.

[01:05:05] By 1944, he was in a race against his

[01:05:08] own mortality.

[01:05:11] The country had been told nothing about

[01:05:13] Roosevelt's medical condition. Only

[01:05:15] doctors McIntyre and Bruin knew the

[01:05:17] complete story.

[01:05:20] But for his staff, those who frequently

[01:05:22] saw the president, the medical crisis

[01:05:24] was unmistakable.

[01:05:26] FDR's deterioration is vividly

[01:05:28] remembered by one of his Secret Service

[01:05:30] agents, Floyd Boring, who protected FDR

[01:05:33] from March 1st, 1944 until the day he

[01:05:36] died. I noticed it, and I'm sure the

[01:05:39] rest of the agents noticed it, too. Uh

[01:05:43] he was a little bit weaker. Uh his eyes

[01:05:46] were sunk more in his head.

[01:05:51] We could see him fading almost daily. He

[01:05:54] could see him going downhill. So he was

[01:05:56] actually a little guy in a big suit at

[01:05:59] the end. He had gotten down to where he

[01:06:03] was not physically able to do the job.

[01:06:09] But he was determined to summon the

[01:06:11] strength needed to withstand the rigors

[01:06:13] of one final campaign. On the evening of

[01:06:16] July 21st, 1944, his name was placed in

[01:06:20] nomination for a fourth term at the

[01:06:22] Democratic convention in Chicago.

[01:06:24] Present to this convention

[01:06:27] for the office of President of the

[01:06:30] United States, Franklin Delano

[01:06:33] Roosevelt.

[01:06:35] FDR did not accept the nomination in

[01:06:38] Washington. He was aboard his

[01:06:40] presidential train, the Ferdinand

[01:06:41] Mellin, in San Diego, California.

[01:06:44] Accompanied by his son Jimmy, he was in

[01:06:46] route to Hawaii for a meeting with

[01:06:48] General MacArthur about Pacific

[01:06:50] strategy. As he prepared to give his

[01:06:52] acceptance speech, his whole body

[01:06:54] suddenly contorted in pain. He suddenly

[01:06:57] turns to Jim and he said, "My God, I

[01:06:58] have terrible pains. I don't know if I

[01:07:00] can go through this." He said, "Stretch

[01:07:02] me out on the floor. Loosen everything."

[01:07:06] you know, he was pale. For 10 minutes,

[01:07:09] Jimmy could watch his father in terrible

[01:07:11] pain, thinking he's never going to be

[01:07:13] able to get up and get out of this. And

[01:07:15] then after a few minutes, he said, "All

[01:07:18] right, now let's get together. We have

[01:07:20] this broadcast to do." And he gave the

[01:07:23] broadcast. I have already indicated to

[01:07:26] you why I accept the nomination which

[01:07:29] you have offered me in spite of my

[01:07:32] desire to retire to quiet a private

[01:07:35] life. You in this convention aware of

[01:07:39] what I have sought to gain for the

[01:07:41] nation and you have asked me to

[01:07:44] continue. But the Democratic party

[01:07:46] bosses didn't want the vice president

[01:07:48] Henry Wallace to continue. There was a

[01:07:50] fear among the delegates that although

[01:07:52] Roosevelt would win the election, he

[01:07:53] might well die in office. Wallace was

[01:07:56] considered soft on communism on the far

[01:07:58] left of the party and not a worthy

[01:08:00] successor to FDR. In the end, to avoid a

[01:08:04] floor fight, Missouri Senator Harry

[01:08:06] Truman became the compromised candidate

[01:08:08] for the vice presidency. Despite FDR's

[01:08:10] health problems, Truman was not brought

[01:08:12] into Roosevelt's confidence, nor was he

[01:08:15] told of the existence of the Manhattan

[01:08:17] Project.

[01:08:20] With the convention behind him, FDR

[01:08:23] continued his journey to Pearl Harbor.

[01:08:25] There he met military leaders to discuss

[01:08:27] the Pacific war strategy. The trip ended

[01:08:30] with a tour of a local hospital. And

[01:08:33] with the press kept away, he made a

[01:08:35] remarkably intimate disclosure.

[01:08:39] For a man like Roosevelt who had tried

[01:08:41] so long and so hard to hide his

[01:08:44] paralysis from the American people, he

[01:08:46] knew when he went into the hospital and

[01:08:48] was visiting men who had had arms and

[01:08:50] legs removed, amputees, that if he were

[01:08:53] able to show them that he was in a

[01:08:55] wheelchair, it would give them a certain

[01:08:57] strength. Perhaps the reason why he

[01:08:59] didn't show himself so easily to other

[01:09:01] people was that he was afraid that if

[01:09:03] they saw this battle he was fighting

[01:09:04] with himself that they would not feel

[01:09:07] that he was as strong a leader as he

[01:09:08] truly was. That too much of his energy

[01:09:10] was going to fighting this battle. But

[01:09:12] he won that battle magnificently. But in

[01:09:14] 1944, winning this battle of perception

[01:09:17] was paramount. As rumors about his

[01:09:20] health circulated, FDR knew he could not

[01:09:22] afford to be seen as a [ __ ]

[01:09:27] In the final election of FDR's life, his

[01:09:30] opponent was Thomas Dwey, the Republican

[01:09:32] governor of New York. The campaign was a

[01:09:35] testament to Roosevelt's courage and the

[01:09:37] public's willingness to be deceived.

[01:09:40] This is Judy Garland with a suggestion

[01:09:42] for tomorrow. Here's the way to win the

[01:09:44] war. Win the war. Win the war. Here's

[01:09:46] the way to win the war. You got to get

[01:09:48] out and vote. To get the things we're

[01:09:50] fighting for, fighting for. Fighting for

[01:09:52] to get the things we're fighting for.

[01:09:54] You got to get out and vote. Oh, we want

[01:09:55] to have a better world. Better world.

[01:09:58] Better world. Want to have a better

[01:09:59] world? You got to get out and vote.

[01:10:01] Every public appearance involved

[01:10:02] excruciating pain, resulting in part

[01:10:04] from his doctor's insistence that during

[01:10:06] the last four stressful years, Roosevelt

[01:10:09] not carry the additional load of his

[01:10:10] nearly 10 lb braces.

[01:10:13] Right behind the president,

[01:10:17] right behind the president. But for his

[01:10:19] fourth presidential election, FDR still

[01:10:21] felt he needed to put them back on to

[01:10:23] perpetuate the illusion of mobility.

[01:10:26] That was very hard because his knees had

[01:10:28] begun tightening up again. And it was

[01:10:31] exceedingly painful to have his legs

[01:10:34] straightened out in a brace. when he

[01:10:37] gave a campaign speech on braces in

[01:10:39] Washington state, Breton, he again had

[01:10:42] an angina attack, but he continued to

[01:10:46] give the speech right through this

[01:10:47] incredible pain.

[01:10:50] The war is well in hand in the vast

[01:10:53] area,

[01:10:55] but I cannot tell you

[01:10:58] if I knew when the war will be over,

[01:11:02] either in Europe or in the Far East or

[01:11:06] the war against Japan itself.

[01:11:10] As he had so many times before,

[01:11:12] Roosevelt became invigorated by the

[01:11:14] campaign. And when in late October his

[01:11:16] Republican opponent suggested he was an

[01:11:18] invalid confined to the White House, he

[01:11:21] undertook a tour of all five New York

[01:11:23] burrows, a journey he refused to cancel,

[01:11:26] even when it coincided with an offshore

[01:11:28] hurricane.

[01:11:30] There were millions of people turned out

[01:11:31] for him. And he was thoroughly soaked.

[01:11:36] The Secret Service had it worked out so

[01:11:39] that every hour his limousine would pull

[01:11:43] him to a garage and they would lift him

[01:11:46] out of the car and put him on a pile of

[01:11:49] blankets, strip his clothes off, rub him

[01:11:53] with a towel, give him a shot of brandy,

[01:11:56] and then put new clothes on, put him

[01:11:59] back in the car, and then he'd continue.

[01:12:02] On camera he was jovial but uh off the

[01:12:06] camera he was suffering. No doubt about

[01:12:08] it. So I tell you it was about 12 hours

[01:12:11] of misery for us. And of course I'm sure

[01:12:15] it was misery for him.

[01:12:18] He ended the day at Ebottzfield where

[01:12:20] his radiant confidence was all the

[01:12:22] country needed as proof that he was fit

[01:12:24] for office.

[01:12:28] They saw what they wanted to see. He's

[01:12:30] healthy. He's got it. They all said

[01:12:32] after that and that helped to ease the

[01:12:33] path to his re-election. On the final

[01:12:36] day of the campaign, he was back at Hyde

[01:12:38] Park, the place from which he had always

[01:12:40] drawn strength.

[01:12:44] FDR could savor his victory, finally

[01:12:46] take off his braces and rest, but with

[01:12:49] 53% of the popular vote, it was his

[01:12:52] smallest margin of victory since he

[01:12:53] first won the presidency. Nevertheless,

[01:12:56] he had again convinced Americans that he

[01:12:58] was up to the job. But that didn't make

[01:13:01] it true. November 23rd, 1944.

[01:13:05] The president has lost 10 lbs in the

[01:13:07] last 2 to 3 months and is, I think,

[01:13:10] rather worried about it. He looked very

[01:13:12] thin today, and his aches and pains

[01:13:14] worry me. But what can I do?

[01:13:18] But FDR's confident, Daisy Sukley,

[01:13:21] wasn't prepared to accept the

[01:13:22] inevitability of his decline. From

[01:13:25] Wilderstein, her home along the Hudson,

[01:13:27] 10 mi north of Hyde Park, she contacted

[01:13:30] Harry Sataro, or Mr. Lenny as he was

[01:13:32] known. He had once been a professional

[01:13:35] boxer and corner man for Joe Lewis. But

[01:13:37] in later life, he claimed to have found

[01:13:39] magical healing powers through intensive

[01:13:41] massage. Daisy not only told the

[01:13:45] president about him, but actually

[01:13:47] arranged secretly to have this massage

[01:13:51] therapist turn up at her home,

[01:13:53] Wilderstein, when the president happened

[01:13:55] to be visiting and allowed him to

[01:13:58] massage his legs and feet.

[01:14:03] December 27th, 1944,

[01:14:07] as soon as the Secret Service had gone

[01:14:09] out, Lenny got to work on the

[01:14:10] president's legs. right over his

[01:14:12] trousers and while he sat with his feet

[01:14:14] on the floor. After a while, he got the

[01:14:16] president to lie down on the sofa and

[01:14:18] took off his shoes and stockings began

[01:14:21] to work on the feet. Suddenly, he looked

[01:14:24] up at the president with a smile and

[01:14:26] said, "President, you're going to walk.

[01:14:29] I am full of hope for him through the

[01:14:31] hands of Lenny, who says he is just a

[01:14:33] tool of God."

[01:14:35] But the amazing thing is that Roosevelt

[01:14:37] seems really to have believed that maybe

[01:14:40] finally he'd found someone who could

[01:14:42] actually help him get back on his feet

[01:14:43] again. Now, this is a man who's dying.

[01:14:46] He is not going to get back on his feet

[01:14:48] again. But he he suddenly locked his his

[01:14:52] his optimism on this fellow named Lenny,

[01:14:57] a sort of semi literate, untrained

[01:15:01] uh mystery man.

[01:15:04] For almost 25 years, Roosevelt had never

[01:15:07] given up the hope that someday he would

[01:15:09] walk again.

[01:15:12] But there would be no miracles, no

[01:15:15] improvement that lasted beyond a

[01:15:16] fleeting rush of adrenaline. I remember

[01:15:19] my mother told me a very interesting

[01:15:22] story of P asking her to come to his

[01:15:26] bedroom at a particular time because he

[01:15:29] Daisy Sukley had persuaded him to see a

[01:15:32] man Mr. Lenny, I think his name was to

[01:15:35] that his hands were miraculous and so

[01:15:38] forth and that my mother just commented,

[01:15:43] "Well, another one." Uh, but P will not

[01:15:47] give up. Roosevelt was exhausted, but

[01:15:50] there was no time for rest. Ahead lay

[01:15:52] another conference with Stalin. This one

[01:15:55] at Yalta in the Crimea, a 10-day journey

[01:15:57] across the Atlantic in the dead of

[01:15:59] winter.

[01:16:00] [Music]

[01:16:03] This would be FDR's last opportunity to

[01:16:06] influence the direction of post-war

[01:16:08] Europe.

[01:16:16] Roosevelt's fourth inaugural was held at

[01:16:18] the White House instead of the capital.

[01:16:21] It was a break with tradition

[01:16:22] necessitated because FDR was no longer

[01:16:24] strong enough to walk the 37 steps down

[01:16:27] the face of the capital to get to the

[01:16:29] podium. Before the ceremony, he asked

[01:16:32] his son Jimmy to join him in his study.

[01:16:35] He had a premonition that he wasn't

[01:16:37] going to last long. And Roosevelt talked

[01:16:41] about his will, but he also took off his

[01:16:46] gold family crest wing that his father

[01:16:49] had given him, and he gave it to his

[01:16:51] eldest son. And James said when he left,

[01:16:55] he felt that he he would never see his

[01:16:57] father alive again. and he never did. It

[01:17:01] was one of the shortest inaugural

[01:17:02] addresses ever given, just 573 words.

[01:17:06] Its length dictated by estimating the

[01:17:08] time he could stand without collapsing.

[01:17:11] In the days and the years

[01:17:14] that come,

[01:17:16] we shall work for a just and honorable

[01:17:19] peace,

[01:17:20] a durable peace, as today we work and

[01:17:24] fight for total victory in war. On

[01:17:28] January 22nd, 1945, Roosevelt left on

[01:17:32] the battleship USS Quincy for the 10-day

[01:17:34] trip to Yaltta. For the first time, FDR

[01:17:37] took his Secretary of State to a wartime

[01:17:40] conference. By now it was Edward

[01:17:42] Statinius, a man whose fortunes had

[01:17:44] risen by virtue of his unwavering

[01:17:46] loyalty to Roosevelt. Cordell Hull had

[01:17:48] resigned two months earlier, telling his

[01:17:51] staff he was tired of White House

[01:17:52] intrigue, tired of being bypassed, tired

[01:17:55] of being relied on in public and ignored

[01:17:57] in private. What lay ahead was the

[01:17:59] longest, most hazardous journey of

[01:18:01] Roosevelt's life. He was given immense

[01:18:03] briefing books to read about all the

[01:18:05] different issues that were going to be

[01:18:06] discussed. He just completely ignored

[01:18:08] them. on the ship going over. He just

[01:18:10] sat staring out at the space. You know,

[01:18:12] he was he was practically incapable of

[01:18:14] of any kind of thought.

[01:18:17] Hugh Lungi was part of the British

[01:18:19] delegation sent out to Yala to prepare

[01:18:21] for the conference. He met Roosevelt

[01:18:24] when his plane landed at Saki airfield.

[01:18:28] Well, the first shock was seeing him at

[01:18:30] the airport and seeing him look look

[01:18:32] this color. And there was Rose Roosevelt

[01:18:34] looking absolutely terrible like uh a

[01:18:38] waxon figure and not enjoying it at all.

[01:18:41] I don't think cuz it was cold uh and

[01:18:44] windy on this snowcovered airfield.

[01:18:48] Much has been made of the president's

[01:18:50] diminished capacity at Yaltta that the

[01:18:53] unsatisfactory outcome was driven by his

[01:18:56] illness. Churchill was very shocked by

[01:18:59] Roosevelt's his hesitations, his his

[01:19:02] rambling. And when they were sitting

[01:19:04] with Stalin at Yar again and again,

[01:19:06] Churchill presented one of the

[01:19:08] Anglo-American points of view and then

[01:19:11] would turn to Roosevelt for confirmation

[01:19:13] for Roosevelt to put in as it were his

[01:19:15] confirming point of view that it

[01:19:18] sometimes seen Roosevelt hadn't really

[01:19:19] even been following the discussion

[01:19:21] between Churchill and Stalin.

[01:19:25] Certainly the American president did

[01:19:26] acquies to Soviet demands that they be

[01:19:28] allowed control over Eastern Europe.

[01:19:31] Although Roosevelt had already signaled

[01:19:32] that position at Tyran,

[01:19:35] he also gave in to Stalin's demands for

[01:19:37] veto power in what was to become the

[01:19:39] United Nations.

[01:19:42] So he made concession after concession

[01:19:44] to Stalin which appalled a lot of his

[01:19:46] advisers particularly on the issue of

[01:19:48] Poland. Basically he said to Stalin,

[01:19:51] "It's yours. just make it paper it over

[01:19:53] and make it look good. Winston

[01:19:55] Churchill, for all his reservations,

[01:19:57] became a party to the deal. He could

[01:20:00] have walked out and did not.

[01:20:03] Despite his long-standing mistrust of

[01:20:05] the Boleviks, the prime minister joined

[01:20:07] Roosevelt in declaring Yalta as an

[01:20:09] historic step forward.

[01:20:12] It's important to remember that

[01:20:15] Roosevelt was not duped by Stalin.

[01:20:17] Churchill was not absolutely right about

[01:20:20] Stalin. They these were men who were in

[01:20:23] the arena who were trying as hard as

[01:20:25] they could. Confronted by the most

[01:20:27] tangled problems that had ever

[01:20:29] confronted statesmen in the history of

[01:20:30] the world, the dawn of the atomic age,

[01:20:32] the remaking of the entire globe and

[01:20:35] they were simply doing the best they

[01:20:36] could. Roosevelt told Ellaner that he

[01:20:39] felt he had no choice but to trust the

[01:20:41] Soviet leader.

[01:20:44] He looked at me and he said there was

[01:20:45] one allimp important thing. We hadn't

[01:20:48] yet won the war in the Pacific. It may

[01:20:51] cost us thousands and thousands of

[01:20:55] American lives to finally conquer Japan.

[01:20:58] I had to think of the most important

[01:21:02] thing which was to get the Soviet force

[01:21:05] military force as soon as possible into

[01:21:08] the Pacific to save American lives. that

[01:21:11] will give some assurance of lasting. On

[01:21:13] March 1st, 1945, an exhausted president

[01:21:17] reported to a joint session of Congress

[01:21:19] about the Yaltta conference. After all

[01:21:22] he'd been through over the past 12

[01:21:23] years, he was finally prepared to make

[01:21:25] concessions to his disability. I hope

[01:21:28] that you will pardon me for an unusual

[01:21:31] posture of sitting down during the

[01:21:34] presentation of what I want to say.

[01:21:37] Know that you will realize that it makes

[01:21:38] it a lot easier for me. in not having to

[01:21:41] carry about 10 lbs of steel round on the

[01:21:45] bottom of my legs and also because the

[01:21:48] fact that I have just completed a

[01:21:49] 14,000mi

[01:21:51] trip. FDR told his daughter Anna that

[01:21:54] his headaches were intensifying and he

[01:21:56] was often debilitated with painst.

[01:22:00] But Dr. McIntyre insisted that all

[01:22:02] Roosevelt needed was time in the Georgia

[01:22:04] hills to gather his strength. Among

[01:22:07] those who joined FDR in Georgia were his

[01:22:10] cousin Daisy Sukley and by arrangement

[01:22:12] with Anna, his forbidden love, Lucy

[01:22:15] Rutherford.

[01:22:16] His worsening condition was obvious.

[01:22:20] On April 11th, they went to his favorite

[01:22:22] scenic spot, Daell's Knob, to look over

[01:22:25] the Pine Mountain Valley. It was spring

[01:22:27] in Georgia, and there was rebirth in the

[01:22:30] air. Far away, American soldiers crossed

[01:22:33] the Rine. The Marines had landed on

[01:22:35] Eujima and Okinawa.

[01:22:41] That evening, he was back at the Little

[01:22:42] White House, his home at Warm Springs,

[01:22:45] complaining of acute head pains and

[01:22:47] running a low-grade fever.

[01:22:49] April 11th, 1945.

[01:22:52] When Franklin was ready for the night, I

[01:22:54] got his grl and took it to him. He lay

[01:22:57] on his back and began to pull the covers

[01:22:59] up to his chin, shivering and saying,

[01:23:01] "He is cold. He is too weak to raise his

[01:23:04] head, so I proceed to feed him with a

[01:23:06] teaspoon, and he loves it. He talked

[01:23:09] about his part in world peace. He then

[01:23:12] relapsed into babyhood for the rest of

[01:23:14] the grl. I kissed him good night and

[01:23:17] left.

[01:23:25] April 12th, 1945.

[01:23:27] FDR awoke, seemingly refreshed.

[01:23:31] Elizabeth Schumatov, a Russian artist,

[01:23:33] arrived to work on a portrait of

[01:23:35] Roosevelt.

[01:23:45] At noon, Madame Schumatov remarked that

[01:23:47] he seemed so much better today.

[01:23:49] Roosevelt replied that he was getting

[01:23:51] tired and needed a break.

[01:23:54] In a rare voice recording, Daisy Sukley

[01:23:57] picks up the story. I was sitting on the

[01:24:00] sofa crocheting.

[01:24:02] Mrs. Robertson sat quietly near the

[01:24:04] windows.

[01:24:05] I glanced up from my work and saw the

[01:24:08] person apparently looking for something.

[01:24:10] I went up to him and stoopingly looked

[01:24:12] up into his face and asked him, "Have

[01:24:14] you dropped your cigarette?"

[01:24:17] He looked at me as far as swallowed with

[01:24:19] pain and tried to smile. He put his left

[01:24:23] hand up to the back of his head and he

[01:24:25] said, "I have a terrific pain in the

[01:24:27] back of my head." With that, he

[01:24:30] collapsed on the floor and was carried a

[01:24:32] dead weight into his bedroom. Dr.

[01:24:35] Breuan, who had first diagnosed his

[01:24:37] congestive heart failure a year earlier,

[01:24:39] arrived, but could do nothing. For 2 and

[01:24:43] 1/2 hours, FDR clung on to life as Daisy

[01:24:46] sat outside his door listening. A little

[01:24:50] after 3, the person's breathing became

[01:24:52] very heavy in labor. At that moment, the

[01:24:55] heavy breathing stopped. I looked at my

[01:24:57] watch. It was 25 minutes before.

[01:25:00] Elellaner was in Washington when she was

[01:25:02] informed of her husband's death.

[01:25:07] When she arrived at Warm Springs near

[01:25:09] midnight, she was devastated to learn

[01:25:11] that Lucy Mercer Rutherford had been

[01:25:13] with Franklin on the day he died, and

[01:25:16] that her daughter Anna arranged the

[01:25:18] trip.

[01:25:19] [Music]

[01:25:26] The next day, FDR's body left Warm

[01:25:29] Springs for the final time.

[01:25:34] Alone for the long train ride to

[01:25:36] Washington, Elellanar watched as

[01:25:37] thousands upon thousands lined the

[01:25:39] railroad tracks to pay their respects.

[01:25:43] It was the beginning of a personal

[01:25:45] reassessment.

[01:25:48] [Music]

[01:25:49] Something happened to Eleanor in those

[01:25:51] months after his death. For everywhere

[01:25:54] she traveled, she would meet people,

[01:25:56] porters, taxi cab drivers, street car

[01:25:58] cleaners, and they would all tell her

[01:26:00] how much they loved her husband. And she

[01:26:02] realized, she said, what he had done for

[01:26:04] the countrymen, for these people that

[01:26:05] she cared about so much and what his

[01:26:08] leadership had meant to this nation that

[01:26:09] she so adored. And somehow their

[01:26:12] feelings absorbed by her allowed her to

[01:26:15] reach deep within herself and to forgive

[01:26:17] him for what he had done by bringing

[01:26:18] Lucy back into his life.

[01:26:26] There would be no state funeral for

[01:26:28] Franklin Roosevelt. He had insisted it

[01:26:30] would be inappropriate with American

[01:26:32] boys dying on battlefields in distant

[01:26:34] lands. Instead, the quesan was born

[01:26:36] slowly through the streets of the

[01:26:38] nation's capital to the White House. a

[01:26:40] time for Americans to reflect on what

[01:26:42] they had lost.

[01:26:46] He was a soldier of freedom and a

[01:26:49] soldier of democracy who died fighting

[01:26:51] for that cause.

[01:26:56] He'd been president for 12 years. Many,

[01:26:58] many adult Americans had never known any

[01:27:00] other president. And suddenly this

[01:27:03] extraordinary source of confidence that

[01:27:05] they'd come to almost take for granted

[01:27:07] was gone.

[01:27:12] [Music]

[01:27:26] The reaction to his death went beyond

[01:27:28] the loss of a wartime leader.

[01:27:31] It reached back to earlier times, to a

[01:27:34] personal connection established between

[01:27:35] this president and the American people,

[01:27:38] an appreciation of the distance they had

[01:27:40] traveled together. One mourner told a

[01:27:43] journalist, "I never knew Roosevelt, but

[01:27:45] he knew me."

[01:27:53] People held up signs. He got me a job.

[01:27:56] He saved my home. and on a box car in

[01:27:59] Denver, somebody had chocked on the

[01:28:01] freight train, Roosevelt is my friend.

[01:28:04] And that's what a great many Americans

[01:28:06] had come to feel as a result of programs

[01:28:09] that provided help for the unemployed

[01:28:11] because of the fireside chats, a sense

[01:28:14] that there was an intimate friend that

[01:28:15] they had in the White House.

[01:28:20] His

[01:28:23] final resting place was at the very

[01:28:25] center of his universe in the Rose

[01:28:27] Garden at Hyde Park.

[01:28:30] Escorting Elellaner was the new

[01:28:31] president, Harry Truman. Never a

[01:28:34] Roosevelt confidant, Truman weighed a

[01:28:36] personal ambivalence against political

[01:28:39] achievement.

[01:28:41] Had the opportunity to spend quite a bit

[01:28:42] of time with ex-president Truman out in

[01:28:45] Independence. And one night while we

[01:28:46] were having a drink, I said to him,

[01:28:48] "What did you really think of Franklin

[01:28:50] D. Roosevelt?" There was a long pause.

[01:28:55] And then he said, "Inside, he was

[01:28:58] totally cold. He didn't care for you or

[01:29:01] me or anyone else in the world, but he

[01:29:04] was a great president. He brought

[01:29:07] America into the 20th century.

[01:29:15] Franklin Delan Roosevelt's contribution

[01:29:18] still resonates. The programs he

[01:29:20] introduced still affect our lives. The

[01:29:22] issues he fought for still define the

[01:29:25] national debate. The role of government,

[01:29:27] the place America should assume in the

[01:29:29] world.

[01:29:32] Franklin Roosevelt richly deserves to be

[01:29:35] understood as one of the very few great

[01:29:38] leaders in American political history.

[01:29:40] Indeed, I would say his stature is

[01:29:42] second only to Abraham Lincoln's.

[01:29:44] Lincoln held the Union together and

[01:29:46] freed the slaves. Two great

[01:29:47] achievements. Franklin Roosevelt rung

[01:29:50] lasting, beneficial institutional reform

[01:29:54] out of the Great Depression and he won

[01:29:57] World War II.

[01:29:59] On his journey, Franklin Roosevelt never

[01:30:02] lost faith in the Great American

[01:30:04] experiment. He laid out an optimistic

[01:30:07] vision of a compassionate society

[01:30:09] committed to prosperity and genuine

[01:30:11] equality.

[01:30:13] 60 years later, it remains a

[01:30:15] tantalizingly elusive dream. But

[01:30:18] Franklin Roosevelt carried us miles down

[01:30:20] that road.

[01:30:44] [Music]