# Cells

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8VbetDPEJI

[00:01] [Music]
[00:11] Well, we started out with anatomical terms.
[00:14] Then we moved into what a human being is made of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, C-H-O-N.
[00:21] Those are atoms, and we talked about how atoms become molecules and then how molecules become macromolecules, what you see on a feed label.
[00:28] Now we're going into cells and their function and the organelles that help them perform homeostasis and how all of these macromolecules play a role in that.
[00:39] So you can't just learn a chapter or learn a section or a unit in a vacuum.
[00:45] You have to keep applying what is well, what is applicable.
[00:50] Not all of it, but not the minutia, but applying what was in a former section, former video lesson, former unit into the next unit.
[00:59] So keep that in mind, keep those.
[01:01] course themes in mind like look at these objectives right here define a cell and the course theme that explains its size.
[01:08] Again, you're seeing these over and over.
[01:11] It really will help you with recall.
[01:12] Well, that's surface area to volume ratio.
[01:15] Remember, the larger the volume, it the surface area is less.
[01:21] So the volume gets bigger, the surface area shrinks.
[01:24] It's a geometrical situation.
[01:26] So if a cell gets too large and the surface area then shrinks in relation to it, then it can't get its waste out and nutrients in.
[01:38] Waste out are the most important thing because it doesn't need nutrients as much as we think we need nutrients.
[01:45] And then you go down through these objectives, the functions of those organelles.
[01:49] We're going to walk through them in the most organized manner you can do in this kind of setup.
[01:54] And then how do cells get their nutrients and put their waste out and transport?
[01:59] How is the cell membrane, the fossil bilayer, semi-permeable?
[02:03] And then we go into some of the metabolic functions of the cell that keep you alive.
[02:08] Remember, homeostasis equals metabolism equals life.
[02:13] And those are performed by enzymes over and over, just keep saying it, it'll start to stick.
[02:19] Enzymes are those proteins that catalyze chemical reactions and they either make them anabolic or catabolic, waxing or waning, right?
[02:28] And what you can see, we're going to look at protein synthesis, mitosis, not really meiosis till later, and then cell respiration, cellular respiration, and then some accidents that can happen like cancer.
[02:44] So, intro and review for cells.
[02:47] The definition: a cell is the smallest functional unit of a living organism.
[02:52] Bacteria, one cell, but functional and alive.
[02:55] Virus, not alive, it doesn't have a cell, it only has a protein co, and it doesn't have DNA and RNA.
[03:02] A cell is a smallest functional unit.
[03:05] And there's only one exception typically of human cells that stay small.
[03:10] Adipose tissue or fat cells can get bigger because they're non-polar, remember this from water.
[03:16] So all of the fat in a fat cell goes to the center, and weirdly, the cell organelles that we're going to talk about go to the outside.
[03:24] So all the cell organelles and a fat source squish up against the inside of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
[03:32] How crazy is that?
[03:34] So therefore, it can get really big and cell transport is not effective, right, because all the organelles are near the surface area.
[03:43] So fat cells can get big, that's called cellulite.
[03:48] Curious, what is a chicken egg, right?
[03:50] A lot of people have been told that chicken egg is the largest cell.
[03:54] That's not true.
[03:55] Cells stay pretty much the same size.
[03:58] If it's a fertilized chicken egg, the fertilized embryo, right, zygote first and
[04:05] Then an embryo is microscopic, you can't see it.
[04:08] And it's right in next to the oak.
[04:11] But the yolk and the white is like a picnic basket for the pea.
[04:17] Everything in that egg is going to become a baby chicken.
[04:21] That's why how can an egg be bad?
[04:22] It's if you eat a lot of them, they have cholesterol and calories and proteins that could overwhelm your kidneys, yes.
[04:29] But who eats that many eggs a day?
[04:31] Eggs are very healthy for you.
[04:33] You just don't want to eat a lot of them.
[04:36] They, the only other thing with the egg is that the shell is porous.
[04:41] So gases can go in and out as the peep is developing.
[04:46] Molecular cell, you should be able to nail this, right?
[04:48] Remember atoms are elements.
[04:51] Octet rule bond right, become molecules.
[04:55] Then they become glucose as a molecule.
[04:57] Glucose comes together to form a macromolecule like starch.
[05:01] So far so good.
[05:03] And then those macromolecules come together to
[05:07] Make up what we're going to talk about in this unit.
[05:11] How do we see cells?
[05:11] Uh, you can have scanning electron microscopes.
[05:11] Most of you have used a compound microscope in a high school.
[05:18] We're not going to go into the detail of that.
[05:21] If you ever want to use a microscope, email me.
[05:23] I can make time in the lab for you.
[05:26] But that's how we have to see them because they're unviewable by the naked eye.
[05:30] Minimally, you have to blow them up to be 40 times the eye magnification capability.
[05:37] Typically 100 times.
[05:40] Remember this now, don't be confused.
[05:42] I'm trying to throw out some things that students get confused on.
[05:46] What can be denatured and how can it be denatured?
[05:50] Cells cannot be denatured; cells get blown up.
[05:54] Enzymes become denatured.
[05:54] Remember they lose their shape, their natural shape.
[06:00] And how so far we've talked about what homeostasis parameters, pH and temperature.
[06:07] So denaturing, catabolize, they both mean to break down, to destroy.
[06:13] In a sense, not completely useless, but break it down.
[06:17] But denature is specifically for an enzyme in the scope of this class.
[06:22] And catabolize is a chemical reaction of getting smaller, so starch becoming glucose or proteins becoming amino acids or lipids becoming fatty acids.
[06:34] Keep running those through your mind and putting them on flash cards, or digital flash cards; they will start sticking.
[06:41] Cells have to be in what, or we have a disease?
[06:44] Homeostasis, right?
[06:47] Homeostasis.
[06:48] And that can be anything; it can be homeostasis of temperature or homeostasis of blood glucose or blood calcium.
[06:54] Remember all those ions, blood potassium, blood sodium.
[07:01] So this is all kind of coming together.
[07:04] Start to make sense, hopefully soon.
[07:06] Uh, how long can a cell live without a?
[07:08] Nutrient without nutrient intake barbarian I'm going to bring him up later.
[07:12] Uh, Angus Barbieri was a man that um decided to just, I'm gonna get myself healthy, and he went to extreme lengths.
[07:19] You should do some searching on him.
[07:22] So here's an example of how efficient cells are.
[07:24] This is from the Diabetes Association and there's the journal article if you want to look it up.
[07:29] I try to make all the sources available for you if you're curious and you want to know where I got my information from.
[07:36] A, the photo in A, these are of the same person.
[07:40] It's a biopsy of muscle.
[07:44] In A, it's before a two-week intervention of walking and no sugar in the diet.
[07:51] A is before, B is after.
[07:55] So A is the person with a lot of fat.
[07:58] Do you see it in there?
[08:00] See that white marbly?
[08:02] So this is muscle tissue.
[08:05] And all this person had to do to reverse their type 2 diabetes.
[08:08] They were on the borderline, I'll give you that.
[08:11] But they walked, I think it was two miles a day, and just made an effort not to eat any sugar.
[08:18] Now they did have starch, but if you have fiber, remember that blocks that.
[08:23] So that's all this person did for two weeks, and look at the difference of the muscle cell.
[08:28] That's amazing, that's like night and day.
[08:31] And what I'm trying to let you know is that's how amazing your body is; it can come back from abuse.
[08:38] A lot of us abuse our bodies.
[08:40] With very minimal intervention, you don't have to go off the deep end to get yourself healthy.
[08:46] You just have to make a small change.
[08:48] You know, make a small change this month, maybe then a small change the next month.
[08:52] And before you know it, these daily choices, they make a huge difference in your overall health.
[08:58] And hopefully you won't need any pharmaceutical medicine when you're 30s and 40s, right?
[09:05] And this is something, if you're going into a health field, to pay forward to your patients.
[09:09] So you can see this is the muscle.
[09:10] This is skeletal muscle.
[09:13] The white stuff is fat.
[09:16] And these guys here, see these dark, those are mitochondria.
[09:20] So look how bigger they got, right?
[09:24] And more of them.
[09:25] And less fat and the muscle looks healthier.
[09:28] Two weeks, guys.
[09:30] Not running marathons, just walking.
[09:33] And not making an effort to make sure they're not consuming sugar.
[09:37] That's pretty impressive.
[09:40] So homeostasis equals metabolism equals life.
[09:43] So these are how your cells are going through that.
[09:45] We're going to go into the cell cycle and really look at this.
[09:48] So here is a generic image of a cell.
[09:52] I am going to work through these where you can reflect back to this diagram by number.
[09:56] You will not need to identify these organelles by shape.
[10:01] I just thought it might be helpful for you to be able to look back at this and have a visual.
[10:04] But again, you won't have to know them by shape or identify them in a cell.
[10:10] So look for the course themes as we go through.
[10:14] We're talking about cells, so that's a no-brainer.
[10:16] How do cells keep the body healthy?
[10:18] Well, that's homeostasis because of enzymatic reactions, right?
[10:24] Uh, surface area to volume plays a role in why cells stay small and how we're going to do these transporting of molecules in and out as a cell needs.
[10:34] Macros play a role, food label, right?
[10:37] Proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, because that's what cells are made of.
[10:41] You are what you eat.
[10:44] And DNA becoming you, how the DNA in the nucleus comes out through the ribosomes number three, to the RER five, to the Golgi six, and out the plasma membrane 14 to do work in the cell or outside of the cell.
[10:59] So we're going to go through these.
[11:01] And again, you can watch this more than once if you need that.
[11:04] And remember the time stamps, keep writing down those time stamps as you make your outlines.
[11:12] So first one was 14.
[11:15] See what I'm doing, 14.
[11:16] So it's kind of generic, it's the fossil lipid bilayer so it's selectively permeable and it allows for transport.
[11:24] Some things to look at, yes there's a lot on this slide so slow down.
[11:29] You can pause this video, try to point out some things what you already know and then maybe play it.
[11:33] So glycoprotein, glycogen, a sugar and a protein, right?
[11:39] That makes the cell receptor, that's how insulin for instance can land on here, open this protein and then glucose has permission to come in.
[11:50] Insulin facilitates glucose in, right?
[11:53] Which one makes it gone, glucagon?
[11:57] So homeostasis, negative feedback.
[12:00] Hydrophilic, remember that, water loving.
[12:03] Hydrophobic, water hating or scared, right?
[12:07] Repels it.
[12:08] So we covered this in the lipid section of the chemistry.
[12:12] Uh, phospholipid bilayer, because there's one layer here and one layer here.
[12:18] And this is nonpolar, so it makes the cell able to control its environment.
[12:23] That's the selectively permeable aspect of a cell.
[12:30] So, if we're going to talk in general terms right now, you know, a kidney, the organ, the kidney makes urine, must be able to get different molecules inside those cells than the liver, then the nerve, then the muscle.
[12:42] Well, this is how it's done.
[12:45] These, these lock and key glycoprotein cell receptors will only open if the right key goes on it.
[12:54] Then this opens, and then that molecule is allowed in.
[12:58] There are a few molecules that can just diffuse.
[13:01] You might have heard that term, higher concentration or lower concentration.
[13:04] They can just diffuse across the membrane.
[13:07] We're going to talk about those, typically water, typically oxygen.
[13:12] And lipid based molecules like steroids because if the membrane is made out of fat and a steroids fat it can't stop it, right?
[13:23] That's why steroids are so powerful and have reactions so quickly.
[13:25] And in here you see a cholesterol that explains why some animals can live in very, very cold frozen environments and not freeze.
[13:36] They have more cholesterol in their membranes.
[13:39] So as you look at this you see all the macromolecules.
[13:40] You see carbohydrates, you see proteins and you see lipids.
[13:48] And then in the nucleus you're going to see DNA, so all the macromolecules.
[13:54] So here is cell transport in a nutshell.
[13:58] So what I'm going to do is lay this out in kind of an organized fashion for you, put it all up here and show you that it's not that big and scary.
[14:06] You see these diagrams but you have to slow down and make sense of them.
[14:10] So you have two general forms of cell.
[14:13] Transport, in other words, how do molecules get into the cell and out of the cell?
[14:18] One is passive, one is active.
[14:20] What does that mean?
[14:20] Active means you need energy, right?
[14:22] What's the energy currency of the body, of the cells?
[14:24] ATP.
[14:28] We did that, um, at the end of the last unit.
[14:31] So passive, does it need energy?
[14:31] No, it's passive.
[14:34] So diffusion is gases or liquids, osmosis, water.
[14:40] Facilitated diffusion, it's still diffusion, but there needs to be a facilitator, right, like a chaperone.
[14:48] And the only example you have to know of facilitated diffusion is insulin.
[14:53] Insulin facilitates glucose into the cell.
[14:57] Okay.
[14:58] So here you see diffusion just going from higher concentration to lower, and it can be going out of the cell too; it's not a one-way street.
[15:06] Facilitated diffusion can go both ways too.
[15:08] We typically talk about it going into the cell, okay?
[15:10] That's passive, that's it, higher concentration to lower.
[15:14] Concentration.
[15:16] One gases and liquids.
[15:18] One water.
[15:19] Mainly it's talking about water like in the kidney is a lot of water because you're 60 to 70 percent water, yes.
[15:26] And then facilitated is the insulin; just needs permission.
[15:30] Active transport.
[15:32] What do we know about ions and what do we think of with a pump?
[15:36] Well, a pump has to pump something against the gradient.
[15:40] Right, a well pump, if you live in the country, you're going to pump the water from the well up against the gradient of the height of the pipe.
[15:49] And sodium potassium are what they're, ions.
[15:54] And in all of the body we need ions everywhere.
[15:57] We need iron in the blood, etc., etc.
[15:59] But you, mainly for the scope of this course, we're going to talk about ions as a synonym of electrolytes, right?
[16:08] And they are used to fire the nerve tissue.
[16:12] So, so a sodium potassium pump over here.
[16:15] Is in a nerve.
[16:16] So notice you have say this is sodium, and sodium is being pumped across the gradient.
[16:24] But notice instead of going with the gradient, which would be the other way, right, higher to lower, it's going against the gradient.
[16:32] Do you see that?
[16:33] If you don't see it right away, make sure you see it before you go on.
[16:36] These are going higher concentration to lower, just falling downhill, right?
[16:41] This is going lower; we're only looking at the squares into a higher concentration, so it's going to take energy.
[16:49] Examples is endocytosis, endo in, cyto cell.
[16:54] Exocytosis, exo out, exit, cyto cell.
[16:59] So just this is a very, this is like the in a nutshell slide of cell transport, and we're going to look at some other images.
[17:07] So what makes the plasma membrane, i.e., the phospholipid bilayer, they're the same things, uh, selectively permeable?
[17:14] It's the cell.
[17:17] Protein proteins in here.
[17:20] Cell transport proteins allow for this phospholipid nonpolar layer to be selectively permeable.
[17:31] And we talked about that because it's nonpolar.
[17:32] The phospholipid bilayer is a fat and steroids are a fat.
[17:38] If no transport was exchanged, remember I said this earlier.
[17:44] The most important thing is a cell being able to get its waste out because that would change pH and then enzymes would start denaturing.
[17:53] So it's not necessarily nutrients.
[17:55] We might not like to hear this, but we could go without food for a month.
[17:59] You're thinking you can't, unless you're really, really lean.
[18:05] Um, you could go without food for a month.
[18:07] Would you be happy?
[18:09] No, I didn't say you'd be happy; I just said you can do it.
[18:11] If you have water and you have oxygen and you have a reasonable climate, yes you can.
[18:16] And there's a lot of people doing it right now to get themselves.
[18:19] Healthy because of all the chronic illnesses in this country, it's making a real, um, real, there's a real following of it on YouTube and different, um, social media sites like that.
[18:31] So here we are looking at osmosis.
[18:34] Okay.
[18:35] So these images, some help, some don't help.
[18:37] So what I'm going to do is move forward because you have to understand what hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic mean.
[18:44] It's a relationship; it's not a static thing.
[18:48] Water will always move towards the hypertonic area.
[18:53] I want to show you.
[18:55] So I'm going to bring in the Amoeba Sisters a lot because they're helpful, so let's just look at one of these GIFs over here.
[19:01] So what it's saying is the solution, so the cell, the red blood cell, is in a solution that's hypotonic.
[19:07] Hypo means lower, tonic mean solution.
[19:13] Lower in what?
[19:14] Lower in molecular concentration.
[19:18] Okay.
[19:19] So let's flip over to this one.
[19:20] Hypertonic.
[19:21] Notice there's fewer molecules bouncing around.
[19:24] Well, they're showing the water molecules and not really showing the concentrations of them.
[19:31] So what they mean here is that if this was a blood cell, let's use numbers to make it easy.
[19:38] Your blood saline is typical 0.9.
[19:44] Okay, that's a typical percentage of your blood.
[19:47] So, um, if this was 0.7 and the cell was 0.9, the water will always move towards the higher number.
[19:58] I think this is much easier to cover it this way.
[20:02] So first you have to learn the healthy concentration of blood, 0.9, right?
[20:09] So if we're saying this is lower than 0.9, hypo lower, let's say it's 0.7 and the cell is 0.9, the cell is higher, so the water is going to move towards.
[20:21] the hypertonic
[20:23] so if the solution is hypo the cell has
[20:26] to be hyper
[20:28] it's just a default it's just an axiom
[20:31] it's a truth
[20:33] if i'm telling you
[20:34] this is hypotonic solution
[20:37] it's a definite that then the cell is
[20:39] hypertonic because it's a relationship
[20:41] remember
[20:43] so this is what you want this is iso
[20:45] like an isosceles triangle
[20:47] equal concentrations
[20:49] so the concentration of this would be
[20:51] 0.9 and this would be 0.9 so that means
[20:54] water is flowing back and forth just
[20:56] like it should so that metabolic
[20:58] processes can happen so the middle one
[21:00] is healthy there's something going on in
[21:03] the left one and the right one
[21:05] hypertonic do the numbers
[21:07] you try to do them if you have to pause
[21:10] this
[21:11] so if the solution is hyper
[21:13] that would mean the su the blood would
[21:15] be 1.0 you with me
[21:18] and the cell would be say 0.8
[21:23] so the water is going to move out of the
[21:25] cell
[21:26] into the solution
[21:29] um that there could be a number of
[21:30] reasons for this it could be protein
[21:32] content
[21:33] in the diet it could be malfunctioning
[21:35] kidney or renal problems
[21:37] it could be a high salt diet
[21:41] or you sweated and sweated and sweated
[21:43] remember hypo nitrania
[21:46] you sweated out so many electrolytes and
[21:47] only put water back that would reduce
[21:50] your blood
[21:51] um concentration that would make you
[21:53] hypotonic
[21:54] follow me so using applicable examples
[21:57] really helps in this case
[21:59] so i don't know if this helps when i
[22:01] first saw this image i thought well
[22:03] that's kind of dumb i think it makes
[22:04] sense
[22:05] then because i didn't see it at first
[22:07] you have to note the other cat
[22:09] for it to make sense so water is going
[22:11] from a higher concentration of water to
[22:13] a lower
[22:15] in other words you got i wouldn't get
[22:17] these definitions max mister oh i can't
[22:21] even talk
[22:22] messed up i would remember this
[22:24] water always moves towards the
[22:26] hypertonic solution area
[22:29] okay the hypertonic area
[22:32] so
[22:33] this is talking about water it's not
[22:35] necessarily they're saying the cats are
[22:37] water they're not talking about the
[22:39] actual solution concentration so that
[22:42] can kind of throw you off
[22:45] so here we're moving on to facilitated
[22:47] diffusion so you see a lot going on i
[22:51] have a link if you want to see a short
[22:52] video if the view diffusion remember
[22:56] then know what is spent
[22:58] it's passive right no atp this is still
[23:01] passive transport
[23:03] so
[23:04] um
[23:05] we can even talk a little bit about more
[23:07] about basic diffusion
[23:09] okay
[23:10] where in your body you probably knew
[23:12] this before you started the class where
[23:13] in your body does basic diffusion happen
[23:15] that most everybody knows
[23:17] your lungs
[23:19] the alveoli remember surface area to
[23:21] volume ratio avioli make the lungs
[23:24] so they don't have to be huge like a
[23:25] tennis court
[23:27] they're only left and right lung instead
[23:29] of a tennis court in there so the
[23:31] alveoli are allowing
[23:34] gases mainly the oxygen is what you want
[23:37] to come in from the atmosphere go into
[23:39] your blood and then co2 come out of your
[23:41] blood and leave that's all diffusion
[23:44] it's all passive
[23:46] so diffusion is generic it's remember
[23:49] what i said it's gases or liquids but
[23:51] think of a physiological example like
[23:55] breathing
[23:56] okay
[23:57] the diaphragm actually makes the air
[23:59] come into the lung
[24:00] but the lungs are allowing for the
[24:02] diffusion which is the actual breathing
[24:05] okay so diaphragm diaphragm causes the
[24:09] breathing because it's a muscle the
[24:11] lungs allow for the diffusion
[24:13] does that make sense
[24:15] the diaphragm breathes i think it's a
[24:16] better way to say it the diaphragm
[24:18] breathes
[24:20] and then the lungs diffuse
[24:22] that works
[24:23] and so diffusion is passive in this case
[24:26] in these images
[24:28] you can see the gif in the bottom right
[24:30] showing you
[24:31] insulin has to land first there
[24:34] and then that unlocks the
[24:36] plasma membrane protein and then glucose
[24:39] enters
[24:40] and we're going to cover that in this
[24:42] video
[24:43] the glucose enters for what you might
[24:45] know this
[24:46] for the mitochondria to turn it into atp
[24:50] we talked a little bit about that in the
[24:52] last lesson
[24:53] but this is just showing you the
[24:55] facilitated diffusion aspect of insulin
[24:57] and that's the only example you have to
[25:00] know
[25:01] so you can still see the glucose is
[25:03] higher in concentration here so it's
[25:05] going with the gradient so it's still
[25:07] passive it's still diffusion but this
[25:10] and say this is insulin has to land
[25:12] somewhere in a receptor that's why this
[25:14] gif is a lot better and allowing that
[25:16] glucose to go in
[25:19] this is an amoeba sister
[25:21] cell transport
[25:23] summary
[25:24] and i like it because you can just kind
[25:25] of brain dead kind of sit here and stare
[25:28] at it and maybe something will hit you
[25:30] that didn't hit you before
[25:32] so write down the time stamps of areas
[25:35] that help you as you're going through
[25:36] these so as you're preparing for exams
[25:39] you can go back to the content that you
[25:40] really need it's another helpful tip
[25:44] uh if there's something on there and
[25:45] then again you have the powerpoints
[25:47] so you can always refer back to those as
[25:49] well
[25:52] here is the sodium potassium pump
[25:55] there's a lot going on here
[25:57] i you saw the other diagram at the
[25:59] beginning of the cell transport
[26:02] that's all you really need you need to
[26:04] know that they're going to be
[26:07] pumped against the gradient they're not
[26:09] going to go higher to lower they're
[26:11] going to go lower to higher
[26:13] and the example of that in the cells of
[26:16] the body
[26:17] the nervous system
[26:19] that's the takeaway
[26:20] okay
[26:21] sodium potassium pump is a pump it needs
[26:24] atp
[26:25] is against the concentration gradient
[26:28] and the example is the nervous system
[26:32] and to make it passive that just popped
[26:34] up
[26:35] uh you would just go the opposite way
[26:37] it would be with the gradient
[26:39] this is a
[26:41] gif of exocytosis
[26:43] but if you use a sense of creativity
[26:45] couldn't it technically the endo
[26:47] it's kind of hard to tell what is the
[26:49] inside of the cell and what is the
[26:50] outside of the cell and then again
[26:52] there's links down here if you need some
[26:54] more tutoring on these but if you got
[26:57] what i'm telling you the basics of that
[26:59] you're good for this
[27:01] here is a homeostasis example of cell
[27:04] transport remember we mentioned the
[27:06] nephron before
[27:07] and we mentioned that's the surface area
[27:09] there's a million nephrons in one kidney
[27:13] one of the problems with high blood
[27:15] pressure is if someone has excessive
[27:17] high blood pressure and they're not
[27:19] controlling it with their diet
[27:21] or if they're not going to be
[27:23] disciplined to do that with their diet
[27:24] by eating vegetables and fruits
[27:26] and not consuming sugars
[27:28] then they're going to have to go on
[27:29] medication but either way they need to
[27:31] because you a person will not feel high
[27:35] blood pressure
[27:36] as the kidneys being killed
[27:38] and that's a maybe a very direct way to
[27:40] put it but that's what's happening and
[27:42] the problem is you can't no one can feel
[27:44] the pain
[27:45] and it happens over a period of like a
[27:47] year
[27:49] so it's it's very
[27:51] it's a very insidious situation and our
[27:54] food supply isn't helping with it as
[27:55] we've covered before but the nephron is
[27:58] the area where the plush the blood
[28:00] pressure comes into this bowman's
[28:02] capsule the glomerulus and then you can
[28:04] see
[28:05] the blood mixes with the um convoluted
[28:08] distal tubule and all that so that
[28:11] exactly what your blood isn't doesn't
[28:14] need is taken out and made into urine
[28:17] and what is needed is
[28:19] kept in the blood
[28:21] so it's a very i mean like i said we can
[28:23] send a probe to the end of the universe
[28:25] and beyond but we can't make a kidney
[28:28] the best thing we can do is dialysis and
[28:30] it's a very
[28:32] terrible procedure ask anybody who's on
[28:34] either peritoneal dialysis or
[28:36] hemodialysis
[28:38] take care of your kidneys
[28:40] don't overdo protein and don't drink a
[28:43] lot of
[28:45] carbonated beverages carbonated water is
[28:47] fine
[28:48] but these sugar laden
[28:50] um drinks i don't care if it's coffee
[28:53] if it has a lot of syrups and sugar in
[28:55] it it's racking the kidneys high protein
[28:58] over one gram per kilogram of body
[29:00] weight it's racking the kidneys that's
[29:03] why the supplemental industry in this
[29:05] country is so scary because it's not
[29:07] regulated you don't even know if what
[29:10] someone you're paying for that's on the
[29:12] bottle if it's even in there
[29:14] so the best place to get any of your
[29:16] nutrients is whole foods
[29:18] not a vitamin shop
[29:21] so this is what urine is made of
[29:23] it's pretty much water and you can tell
[29:26] the difference when you're hydrated or
[29:27] dehydrated right it goes from clear to
[29:29] amber color
[29:31] these are just the constituents you can
[29:32] see the creighton that's made in an
[29:35] animal you get you can you can get the
[29:37] products to make the creatinine from
[29:39] plants but it's made in the animal
[29:42] um b12 is needed a lot you can get that
[29:44] from ground flaxseed in walnuts like i
[29:46] mentioned before you have bicarbonate
[29:48] buffers which would have been released
[29:50] by the kidney
[29:51] um there you got your ions right
[29:53] potassium sodium chloride you have a lot
[29:55] more but this is just a summary slide
[29:58] and then urea
[29:59] is from the proteins
[30:02] so if you work out a lot and you really
[30:05] went to the gym and you did it to the
[30:07] point where you were exhausted
[30:09] you might your urine your urea content
[30:11] might go up you might have a lot of
[30:13] nitrogen
[30:14] because of the muscle breakdown because
[30:15] that's what exercise does right it's not
[30:17] necessarily a bad thing
[30:20] if
[30:21] you're um you understand what you did
[30:23] like maybe you ate a big piece of salmon
[30:25] or and you worked out those two things
[30:27] will drive your urea really high
[30:30] but if you're not doing anything strange
[30:32] and you have hyuria then that could be a
[30:34] problem
[30:35] okay and
[30:36] remember
[30:38] c-h-o-n
[30:39] 96 of the atoms that make up your body
[30:43] c-h-o is in carbohydrates get it
[30:45] carbohydrate
[30:47] c h2o
[30:49] and also in fact cho but
[30:52] protein is cho
[30:55] n
[30:56] they have other
[30:57] elements in them but for the most part
[30:59] that's the
[31:00] makeup
[31:01] and yeah 97 water that can fluctuate
[31:04] based on your how hydrated you are
[31:10] and this is a gift just showing you the
[31:12] miracle that a kidney is i mean it
[31:15] sounds hyperbole but it's not
[31:18] i mean all the scientific advances we
[31:20] have and we can't make a kidney this is
[31:23] you don't have to memorize this it's
[31:24] just very interesting it's going into
[31:26] the kidney
[31:27] going into the glomerulus right here
[31:30] looking at here it's looking at a
[31:32] nephron
[31:33] and then it goes to the bowman's capsule
[31:35] with the glomerulus and then going down
[31:37] through all the
[31:38] convoluted tubules of a nephron
[31:41] and the collecting duct that will go to
[31:43] the ureters the bladder and then the
[31:45] urethra
[31:46] and
[31:47] so just interesting stuff to kind of
[31:50] watch it work through
[31:52] and remember the nephron
[31:54] remember the cristae remember the
[31:56] alveoli
[31:57] coarse theme
[31:58] surface area to volume ratio
[32:02] here is an example of how buffers
[32:04] and p blood ph is controlled remember
[32:07] this equation down here on the bottom
[32:09] so the lungs control the left because
[32:12] it's co2 remember that comes from
[32:14] glucose in the mitochondria when atp is
[32:16] made then it's released
[32:19] into the blood then the co2 goes to the
[32:21] lung and you exhale it and that's how
[32:22] you're controlling your blood ph as
[32:24] you're sitting here
[32:26] that can become carbonic acid as it's um
[32:29] traveling in the blood
[32:30] and then the kidney will either release
[32:33] this buffer
[32:34] bicarbonate which will bind up the
[32:36] hydrogen
[32:38] it can release hydrogen as well as you
[32:39] can see in this image
[32:41] and then that also can make a carbonic
[32:43] acid so that's like we talked about
[32:45] before carbonic acid and lactic acid are
[32:48] the two acids that kind of make you feel
[32:50] the burn if you're really working out
[32:52] at a high level
[32:55] the more h you have
[32:57] the more what a solution
[32:59] acidic right and the opposite would be
[33:02] basic
[33:04] and blood ph be 7.35
[33:08] to
[33:09] 7.45
[33:11] so here is metabolic syndrome and sadly
[33:14] this is something that's taking off in
[33:17] a lot of countries not just america
[33:19] uh
[33:20] it's known as there's actually kind of a
[33:23] lot of symptoms but four main symptoms i
[33:25] like to talk about
[33:26] don't i don't like to talk about them
[33:28] but unfortunately we're having kids with
[33:31] this
[33:32] so we probably should talk about it
[33:34] um the level of non-alcoholic fatty
[33:37] liver disease a level of pre-diabetes
[33:41] they found out now that the fasting
[33:43] glucose test isn't a good diagnosis you
[33:46] can take someone who has diagnosed type
[33:47] 2 diabetes fast them overnight check
[33:50] their blood glucose in the morning and
[33:52] they might not show that they're
[33:54] out of the range of healthy
[33:56] so how do you know you have to do a
[33:57] craft test
[33:59] do a lot of searching on that it's easy
[34:01] to do you can do it with if you know a
[34:03] diabetic that has a blood glucose meter
[34:05] and landsats you can do it to yourself
[34:07] it's super simple
[34:09] but you might not want to know the
[34:10] results the good news is if you score in
[34:13] an area that's not healthy and you're
[34:14] pre-diabetic
[34:16] it's so easy to reverse it
[34:18] just walk a mile a day and eat more
[34:20] fiber that's it boom in a month it'll be
[34:22] gone
[34:23] but we're not being told that
[34:25] 40 of college students
[34:28] that shouldn't shock you maybe because
[34:29] of the food that we typically eat when
[34:31] we're stressed and we're in a hurry but
[34:34] we have to start making conscious
[34:36] decisions because the food supply is
[34:38] just that inundated
[34:40] or let me let me put it in a nutshell
[34:42] it's not that all this stuff is in it
[34:43] because how would you list
[34:46] the amazing amount of things that are
[34:48] put in food that shouldn't be there
[34:50] let's just say this it's void of fiber
[34:53] that is the that is the metabolic
[34:56] problem
[34:58] that our food
[34:59] you go to grocery store cornell
[35:01] professor of nutrition said that only 15
[35:03] of food items in a grocery store are
[35:05] nourishing
[35:07] so think about that
[35:09] it's the fiber that's taken out
[35:12] that is the problem if you could say it
[35:14] in a nutshell it's the fiber that's
[35:16] removed that's why i kept telling you
[35:17] that one to five ratio up to one to ten
[35:20] ratio don't get all scared if it's
[35:22] outside of one to ten like one to eleven
[35:24] one to twelve you know don't panic but
[35:27] you wanna kind of go in that window and
[35:28] then you know you're making healthy
[35:30] choices
[35:32] and it's giving you a reason to not eat
[35:34] the other stuff
[35:35] the ramifications are
[35:39] if
[35:40] hypertension is the gateway disease
[35:43] because hypertension is a pressure
[35:45] situation and that will damage the
[35:47] cardiovascular system that's the biggest
[35:49] problem and yes it is completely
[35:51] reversible you can reverse hypertension
[35:54] not if it's genetic obviously but 95 of
[35:57] the problems in america aren't genetic
[35:59] um hypertension
[36:02] cardiovascular disease believe it or not
[36:05] atherosclerosis you can get down to zero
[36:08] i'm not making this up
[36:10] you can reverse type 2 diabetes i did
[36:12] not say type 1 i said type 2.
[36:15] all of these are reversible you have to
[36:17] commit to it and understand why it's
[36:18] important to do so
[36:20] but it is completely reversible anybody
[36:23] who's on medication can got off of it
[36:25] and my father is a case in point now he
[36:28] went back to his old habits and he's
[36:29] unhealthy as he's ever been but at 70
[36:32] years of age
[36:33] i jumped on it man i didn't let him off
[36:35] or nothing
[36:36] and i shamed him i'm sorry i'm just
[36:39] gonna admit it
[36:40] i was scared to lose my dad and i shamed
[36:42] him and he got off of all of his meds he
[36:44] lost 40 pounds ate what he was supposed
[36:46] to and walked a mile a day
[36:48] but then something popped and he went
[36:50] right back to his old habits it was
[36:51] heartbreaking
[36:53] and so you know check some of these know
[36:55] your vital signs
[36:57] i feel bad because students now have to
[37:00] be more vigilant in their 20s than i did
[37:03] i didn't even go to a doctor for health
[37:05] checkups until i was 40.
[37:07] i went when i broke my arm and
[37:08] dislocated my shoulder and needed a
[37:10] spinal tap
[37:12] but i didn't for a health check
[37:14] you technically don't have to go to a
[37:16] doctor because you can
[37:18] the
[37:19] you can get your blood glucose checked
[37:21] with a friend with a glucose meter but
[37:23] you have to know how to do the fasting
[37:24] glucose in the craft test
[37:26] you can check your blood pressure that's
[37:28] super simple they're the two main
[37:30] measurements you want to know
[37:32] and if you can't walk a mile and do 10
[37:34] push-ups then you know you need some
[37:36] work so you don't need a doctor to tell
[37:37] you that so these are just some kind of
[37:40] like
[37:41] warning shots or you're going to go down
[37:43] the wrong road because if you think it's
[37:44] hard in your 20s and 30s it's going to
[37:46] be hella hard in your 40s and 50s
[37:49] so these are some heads up
[37:52] things you can do
[37:54] fitness tests that might be scary you
[37:56] might not want to start there and
[37:57] they're all free to get to
[38:00] so yeah you cannot out exercise a bad
[38:03] diet and here's a poster of it
[38:06] so you're going to do kickboxing for 45
[38:08] minutes and then that meal has 1500
[38:10] calories
[38:11] you'd have to go back there and do
[38:12] another three sessions right
[38:14] you cannot exercise a bad diet period
[38:17] you know if you think about look at your
[38:19] food if it has 250 calories and you want
[38:22] to eat it picture yourself running for
[38:23] 45 minutes
[38:24] or 30 minutes it's not worth it
[38:27] just don't eat the junk food right
[38:29] train your mind to think
[38:31] healthy choices and it's gotta work for
[38:34] you
[38:36] yeah daily diet choices food choices
[38:39] versus going on a diet for sure
[38:41] okay
[38:42] back on to organelles so if you go back
[38:44] to the organ the cell picture you'll see
[38:47] i'm combining one and two i don't
[38:50] need you to differentiate between the
[38:51] nucleolus and the nucleus nucleus has
[38:53] dna and mrna mrna moves in and out
[38:57] okay so what we're going to do in this
[38:58] we're going to make a protein
[39:01] so i'm going to walk you through
[39:03] how the macros are made
[39:05] protein carbohydrate and fat right
[39:08] so you got to start with the nucleus
[39:10] because that's the blueprint that's what
[39:13] you got that's your instruction set like
[39:14] it or not that's your instruction set
[39:17] so the first thing is a ribosome it's
[39:18] this big blob thing moving along
[39:21] here's the
[39:22] this is way in here that's an enzyme
[39:24] sorry
[39:26] so this is showing you
[39:28] technically
[39:29] this is only showing you mrna being made
[39:32] in the nucleus okay so technically this
[39:35] gif
[39:36] is of transcription up here
[39:39] okay so this is an enzyme polymerase
[39:43] this is making mrna out of drna
[39:48] that's called transcription so i'm going
[39:49] to make you responsible for knowing
[39:51] transcription and translation
[39:53] that's it
[39:54] what happens during transcription and
[39:57] then what happens during translation
[40:00] based on the organelle function okay
[40:03] so in transcription the nucleus which
[40:05] contains dna is going to be
[40:08] red
[40:09] and it's going to make mrna
[40:12] and again an enzyme is is used this is
[40:15] polymerase we are going to talk about
[40:17] that in chapters
[40:19] seven or somewhere later i i'm not sure
[40:21] where it pops up
[40:22] um i think it actually it's in digestion
[40:25] so it's way later
[40:26] okay
[40:27] but
[40:28] the nucleus has dna and it's going to be
[40:30] coded into mrna with an enzyme called
[40:33] polymerase this is called
[40:35] transcription to write script across
[40:39] then the ribosomes in the
[40:41] cytoplasm of the cell are going to pick
[40:44] up
[40:45] that mrna and read it and turn it into a
[40:48] polypeptide and then a protein
[40:51] okay so you got that over here so
[40:53] transcription is dna to mrna
[40:55] one gene at a time
[40:57] and then translation is the ribosomes
[41:00] making a polypeptide and then the rer
[41:04] will fold it into the right shape we've
[41:07] been talking about enzymes needing to be
[41:09] the right shape for a while now so that
[41:11] should be plugging in a little bit
[41:13] so translation is when that mrna code is
[41:17] read and turned into a polypeptide by
[41:19] the ribosomes and then the rer gets it
[41:23] which is not shown in the skiff and
[41:25] turns it into a protein
[41:28] so then the goldbee
[41:30] will take it and package it and ship it
[41:33] and i'm going to show you gifs on those
[41:35] so this is all for protein synthesis
[41:39] in a nutshell this is called protein
[41:42] synthesis or genotype to phenotype
[41:46] remember the base pairing if it's dna
[41:49] a goes to t t goes to a and g goes to c
[41:52] c goes to g they don't cross over right
[41:55] but in transcription you're not going to
[41:57] dna you're going to rna and remember rna
[42:00] doesn't have ts it as used
[42:02] so a would go with t i mean sorry a
[42:04] would go with u
[42:06] and g and c isn't messed up at all it's
[42:08] only the t's
[42:11] so ribosomes pump out those amino acids
[42:14] which are technically a polypeptide so
[42:16] this is a polypeptide here
[42:19] and then once the rer gets it it folds
[42:21] it
[42:23] into
[42:24] actually shaped protein
[42:27] so ribosomes make the polypeptide
[42:30] and the rer folds it into the right
[42:32] protein
[42:34] this
[42:35] is just another image of it i don't know
[42:37] if that helps you but it has to do with
[42:39] the amino acids being different charges
[42:42] uh but the the bottom line here is it
[42:45] has to be the right shape
[42:46] the key analogy right lock and key
[42:49] analogy
[42:50] proteins that do metabolism well those
[42:52] are enzymes we've been over that
[42:54] uh if it goes to the left i mean if it
[42:57] goes to the right
[42:58] that's the rer folding it if it goes to
[43:01] the left you remember
[43:02] denaturation
[43:04] because ph intent is out of whack
[43:07] so what are the elements in protein
[43:08] again
[43:10] c c-h-o lipids and carbs
[43:14] c-h-o-n
[43:15] proteins that's the one you're made of
[43:19] and here's denaturation that gift from
[43:21] the last video lesson
[43:24] the actual folded protein unraveling
[43:27] because of ph or temp
[43:31] i don't know if you watch that show
[43:33] but here are some more gifs showing you
[43:35] the rer
[43:36] you can see the little ribosomes all
[43:38] over it right rer is like a maze little
[43:41] ribosomes tucked away making those amino
[43:43] acid chains node
[43:45] known as a polypeptide and then the
[43:48] polypeptide is folded in this blue rer
[43:52] right
[43:53] then it's shipped into the golgi and
[43:56] packaged and used in the cell or outside
[43:59] of the cell
[44:01] so here's a review
[44:03] these two so what occurs enzyme blood ph
[44:06] becomes too acidic we just covered that
[44:09] denaturation
[44:10] so metabolism would slow down or stop
[44:13] which would be disease or death
[44:15] respectively
[44:16] what does it mean numerically to be too
[44:18] acidic for blood
[44:20] anything below what
[44:21] 7.35
[44:23] okay acidic for blood not acidic on the
[44:25] scale
[44:26] what about a fever
[44:28] anything above 104 actually
[44:31] denaturizes enzymes which would slow or
[44:34] stop metabolism and you have that again
[44:36] notice the repetition i'm doing
[44:39] um i think even watching these videos
[44:41] again would be enough but um it just
[44:43] depends on where you're at i don't know
[44:45] what you've had previous to this course
[44:47] so remember bun bilirubin urea and
[44:51] nitrogen that's a measurement coming out
[44:53] of the kidneys that um will be a test
[44:55] you can have done at your doctor
[44:57] doctor's office so if nitrogens um if it
[45:00] got too low you wouldn't have enough to
[45:02] make proteins right
[45:05] and then we talked about what what could
[45:07] make the nitrogen higher the bun level
[45:10] and again the application to this
[45:15] and transport so you've probably seen
[45:17] this and top right picture is edema
[45:20] so edema occurs at the area outside the
[45:22] blood vessels or cells become hypertonic
[45:25] so the fluid will go out of the blood
[45:27] out of the cells into the interstitial
[45:29] area that's edema
[45:30] now you probably have this on your
[45:33] swelling of a sprain or maybe just
[45:36] just general swelling from sitting too
[45:37] long
[45:39] maybe you did have a problem you had
[45:40] some kind of infection
[45:42] um it's very problematic when it happens
[45:44] in the lungs it's called pulmonary edema
[45:47] and the fluid from the blood can move
[45:50] out into the lung space into the
[45:52] alveolar sacs and drown the person on
[45:54] land it's called pulmonary edema
[45:57] and this is just
[45:59] this is an image of the phospholipid
[46:01] bilayer in the kidney in the nephron
[46:04] so certain drugs can do this or just
[46:06] homeostasis negative feedback an
[46:08] aquaporin will form get it aqua water
[46:11] porous
[46:12] and allow water to transfer quickly
[46:15] into the urine to lower blood pressure
[46:18] so this does happen naturally but lasix
[46:21] is a drug that helps with high blood
[46:23] pressure to lower the blood pressure
[46:26] and the goal is just to remove water now
[46:28] that can throw off someone's blood
[46:30] chemistry it's not the best way to do it
[46:33] best way to do it is start eating
[46:34] healthy and getting your blood chemistry
[46:36] healthy naturally but this is a quick
[46:39] way to restore
[46:41] homeostasis
[46:43] so
[46:44] organelles we're moving on smooth
[46:46] endoplasmic reticulum
[46:48] so rough made proteins right smooth
[46:51] think slimy fats sticky carbohydrates so
[46:55] it's going to be carbohydrates lipid
[46:56] synthesis
[46:58] remember cholesterol
[47:00] okay it's just trying to bring up some
[47:02] example for you
[47:03] where is it made
[47:06] remember in the liver
[47:08] so that's going to be the organ that's
[47:10] the image from the last video lesson
[47:12] cholesterol is made in the liver from
[47:13] our dietary fat intake that's why you
[47:15] want healthy fats omega-3s
[47:18] that will become testosterone and
[47:20] estrogen or it will become progesterone
[47:22] and then cortisol which is stress
[47:24] hormone
[47:26] organelles i combine them i don't think
[47:29] we need to go in that much detail
[47:31] generically what do they do they recycle
[47:33] they clean
[47:35] lysosomes lice means split some means
[47:37] body
[47:39] autophagosomes phago means e auto means
[47:42] self it sounds bad but it's not bad it's
[47:44] actually very healthy it happens because
[47:46] of fasting
[47:48] peroxisomes get it peroxide it cleans so
[47:52] these are all little vacuoles you don't
[47:54] have to differentiate between the two
[47:56] between them know them as lysosomes
[48:00] and they have enzymes and they're going
[48:02] to do a lot of cleaning they're going to
[48:03] recycle not only
[48:05] pathogens that might be in the cell but
[48:07] also old organelles that aren't
[48:09] functioning
[48:10] so fasting
[48:12] actually autophagy nobel prize in
[48:14] biochemistry
[48:15] osumi i think was the name of the
[48:17] scientist
[48:18] this is big they are healing people with
[48:21] the most bizarre basic things that don't
[48:24] cost any money
[48:25] trust me i got rid of my inflammation i
[48:28] had sciatic
[48:30] because i wasn't stretching i was just
[48:31] stupid i mean the reality of most of the
[48:35] health problems we are making bad
[48:37] choices and i am one of them i am not
[48:39] judgey judy here i am being downright
[48:42] honest it is a difficult existence being
[48:45] a human because we're tempted to do the
[48:47] wrong things
[48:48] and the reality is if you're going into
[48:50] a health profession that's what you're
[48:52] going to be dealing with
[48:54] people make bad choices and then they
[48:56] lie about it and i lied about mine until
[48:58] i couldn't lie anymore well i was lying
[49:01] on the floor
[49:03] i was lying on the floor and i couldn't
[49:04] move
[49:05] i'm like what how did i get here right i
[49:08] didn't stretch
[49:09] and then the muscles got so tight in a
[49:11] pelvis it grabbed the sciatic
[49:13] and the only thing that helped was the
[49:15] fasting to reduce my inflammation
[49:17] because i was eating sugary foods
[49:20] and once i learned that
[49:22] mixed with stretching i've never had a
[49:24] problem again
[49:25] did i go to a doctor no did i take
[49:27] painkillers no did i take
[49:29] anti-inflammatories absolutely not i
[49:32] like my liver the way it is
[49:34] this is the reality that we have to get
[49:36] a hold of ourselves and say i'm my own
[49:38] worst enemy
[49:39] the cdc statistics even say this
[49:42] i check this i haven't got an updated
[49:44] version
[49:45] 70 of americans are on one prescription
[49:47] drug i know that's higher now i know
[49:49] that's way higher and 85 percent of them
[49:51] don't need it
[49:52] because it's a lifestyle issue we just
[49:55] won't do what we're supposed to
[49:57] and i am so lazy i won't even go get my
[50:00] hair cut i cut my own hair that's how
[50:02] lazy i am so
[50:04] if i don't have to go to a doctor i'm
[50:06] not gonna go i will do what it takes to
[50:08] not have to take a pill
[50:09] or need anything again i am not talking
[50:12] about generic genetic problems but
[50:15] just putting this out here so autophagy
[50:18] literally means self-eating and what
[50:20] they found is when you fast walter longo
[50:23] out of uc berkeley did an amazing
[50:26] pivotal experiment
[50:27] on fasting and chemotherapy agents it's
[50:30] amazing
[50:32] fasting before chemo protects your cells
[50:35] unbelievable look that up
[50:38] so but as the cell recycles its old
[50:41] organelles and because you're not eating
[50:43] it has to scrounge like finding bread
[50:46] crumbs in a couch
[50:47] you wind up feeling better
[50:49] most people think if they don't eat
[50:50] they're gonna feel bad you're not
[50:52] trust me when i first started that i
[50:54] thought oh my god this is terrible i
[50:55] can't believe i'm doing this next thing
[50:57] you know i felt like a million bucks
[51:00] so
[51:01] i
[51:02] i'm not you know i know it's a scary
[51:03] thing i was not i used to roll my eyes
[51:05] at people who tell me that but it's very
[51:08] very good for you and again search this
[51:11] guy look this guy up
[51:13] it that is an amazing story some of my
[51:16] nutrition students don't believe it
[51:18] until they look it up they're in class
[51:19] on their phones and they're looking it
[51:21] up like oh my god he really did that
[51:23] that's pretty funny it's an aha moment
[51:26] so yeah if you don't take in nutrients
[51:28] the cells have to find their own right
[51:30] they gotta use the waste products and
[51:32] they're gonna clean up and get more
[51:33] efficient
[51:35] this is another guy if you have someone
[51:37] in your family that needs to hear some
[51:38] of this and they just won't listen
[51:41] that's a really helpful podcast in case
[51:43] someone doesn't want to sit and watch a
[51:44] video so you can listen to it on the go
[51:47] he is legit he's a
[51:51] legitimate medical doctor who does
[51:52] research and does serve patients he's
[51:55] not just a researcher and he was
[51:57] desperate to help his diabetes patients
[52:00] get off of insulin and get healthy
[52:02] and he is at the forefront of this
[52:05] getting people healed to the point where
[52:08] they don't even need a kidney transplant
[52:10] oh and they're off of all their insulin
[52:13] now these are type 2 diabetics okay just
[52:15] to make sure you understand that so okay
[52:18] moving on mitochondria
[52:20] so you already know a little bit about
[52:22] it we introduced it so this is a gif of
[52:24] a kind of a genet generic cell
[52:27] with glucose coming in now practice what
[52:29] you know how does glucose get in the
[52:31] cell again
[52:32] insulin
[52:33] facilitates glucose in
[52:35] oxygen will just diffuse right basic
[52:38] passive transport
[52:40] goes into the mitochondria we're going
[52:42] to go in more detail on that later
[52:44] just know now what comes out on the
[52:45] other side co2
[52:48] and water
[52:50] so the reactants are glucose and oxygen
[52:54] and then water and carbon dioxide are
[52:56] the body the products
[52:58] now you might think no i thought atp was
[53:00] a product no atp is a byproduct
[53:04] atp is a byproduct it has to do with the
[53:07] cristae in the mitochondria it makes an
[53:09] electrochemical gradient so basically
[53:12] look at it this way the cell respiration
[53:14] equation makes a lot of heat it does
[53:16] that's what keeps you warm
[53:18] um it's an exothermic reaction that
[53:20] makes heat it's like a pump
[53:23] and it's pumping the hydrogens
[53:25] from the glucose
[53:28] so the co2
[53:30] is made from the c and the o in glucose
[53:33] that's what we're exhaling
[53:35] so the hydrogen from glucose is stripped
[53:38] pumped over the cristae and made like
[53:40] water behind a dam and what is a
[53:42] hydroelectric
[53:44] hydroelectric dam make energy get it
[53:47] so the cellular respiration exothermic
[53:50] equation is a pump
[53:52] that then by
[53:55] a byproduct makes atp
[53:58] so that is the mitochondria
[54:02] and now moving on to
[54:04] cell cycle
[54:05] more specifically the centrioles
[54:08] because the cell cycle is all inclusive
[54:09] it's the entire cell but mitosis itself
[54:12] meiosis will come in later in
[54:14] reproduction i'm just going to ask you
[54:16] to know the difference between
[54:18] mitosis and meiosis okay mitosis is for
[54:21] growing and healing
[54:24] and meiosis is for reproduction
[54:27] think of this how do you reproduce sex
[54:31] what is sex what's the middle letter of
[54:32] sex e what's in meiosis e
[54:35] that's a really good association
[54:37] technique
[54:38] um mitosis makes new cells because of
[54:42] damage or because
[54:43] something's growing
[54:45] so the cell cycle you can see it in this
[54:47] gif it's kind of a in a nutshell so if
[54:49] that works for you you don't have to
[54:51] know a lot of detail about this
[54:54] we have to know the um
[54:57] the breakdown of how it applies to
[54:58] cancer because we're going to talk about
[55:00] that but you have interphase you have to
[55:02] know interphase so that's g1 s and g2 is
[55:06] interphase
[55:08] okay
[55:09] and then mitosis is its own phase of the
[55:12] cell cycle
[55:14] so it's interphase g1 sg2
[55:17] and then mitosis which is pmat
[55:20] prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
[55:23] okay cytokinesis
[55:25] is technically
[55:27] over here when the cell splits into two
[55:29] cells i don't really cover cytokinesis
[55:32] so don't worry about that and then
[55:34] ultimately these are the two names to
[55:37] know about cancer which we're going to
[55:39] move into in a little bit
[55:41] onco i think you know oncology means
[55:43] cancer
[55:45] oncogene is a gene that causes cancer
[55:48] sadly
[55:49] recent research has shown that
[55:51] over 90 of cancers in america i don't
[55:54] know how this applies to the whole globe
[55:57] uh are self-inflicted
[55:59] because sugar feeds cancer it's
[56:02] unbelievable to look at a biopsy of a
[56:05] cancerous tissue
[56:07] and the mitochondria look like ghosts
[56:10] because it's just fermenting straight
[56:12] all it's doing is fermenting sugar the
[56:15] mitochondria are gone
[56:17] it's the most creepy thing to see
[56:19] and i'm going to show you pictures of
[56:20] cancer cells so just know that when i'm
[56:23] talking about lowering your sugar and
[56:25] increasing your fiber
[56:27] that's legit
[56:28] they are finding these are legitimate
[56:30] research um experiments that um
[56:34] cancer thrives on sugar that's why i
[56:36] don't understand why anybody on
[56:39] that's recovering from cancer or on
[56:40] cancer would drink and sure ensure is
[56:42] like 50 sugar look at the label
[56:45] oh my goodness i mean fruits and
[56:48] vegetables all the way
[56:50] but none of these protein shakes with
[56:53] full sugar and crappy protein
[56:56] oh my it's maddening it's so maddening
[56:58] to me
[57:00] seeing that and then oncologists will
[57:01] recommend it
[57:03] i i just
[57:05] i'm just gonna keep going um apoptosis
[57:08] just think of the word pop blow up
[57:11] so apoptosis is done by p53 gene you
[57:14] don't need to know that but it is the
[57:15] most common
[57:17] cancer preventing gene
[57:19] if you don't have
[57:21] if you don't have cancer in your family
[57:22] you have a good p53 gene there's other
[57:24] ones there's p10 p20
[57:27] but what that gene does is induce the
[57:29] cell to sacrifice itself and blow itself
[57:32] up that's all you have to know about
[57:33] apoptosis
[57:35] program cell death cell suicide
[57:38] okay
[57:39] um so apop so put it this way if a cell
[57:43] hang onto this if a cell was cancerous
[57:46] it would reduce apoptosis
[57:48] and increase mitosis
[57:51] if a cell was
[57:53] fighting cancer
[57:54] it would increase apoptosis
[57:57] and decrease
[57:59] mitosis
[58:01] does that make sense
[58:03] that's why that's why cancer can spread
[58:04] so fast i mean mitosis it just goes
[58:06] uncontrolled mitosis needs to be very
[58:09] controlled if the cell is healthy
[58:12] okay
[58:13] so
[58:14] here's a
[58:15] amoeba sister comparison of mitosis and
[58:18] meiosis
[58:19] uh one thing is mitosis clones a cell
[58:23] identical
[58:24] and there's only two made during the
[58:26] process
[58:27] meiosis in the sperm cells
[58:30] it's not cloned they're all genetically
[58:32] different and there's four
[58:34] cells made with only half the amount of
[58:36] chromosomes and they're called gametes
[58:39] women are way more complicated
[58:42] women and men are exactly opposite
[58:44] women are born with all the eggs they're
[58:46] ever going to have
[58:47] and then lose them once they go through
[58:50] puberty start developing
[58:52] men don't even make their gametes until
[58:55] they go into puberty it's crazy i just
[58:57] love this stuff
[58:59] and here's a diagram if you didn't like
[59:01] the gif
[59:02] mitosis on the top for growing and
[59:04] healing meiosis on the bottom for
[59:06] reproduction and again that would be
[59:08] spermatogenesis because
[59:11] eggs don't go through
[59:14] meiosis ii unless they're fertilized so
[59:18] that is what's that that is covering you
[59:21] can see the stages of interphase
[59:23] and then mitosis and then starts over
[59:26] stages of interphase and then meiosis is
[59:28] one and minus is twos there's two
[59:29] divisions and that's how you get down to
[59:32] half the chromosomes and four sperm
[59:34] cells
[59:37] now last thing i think we've got to talk
[59:39] about is cancer so i'm going to put this
[59:41] in a nutshell we're going to look at
[59:42] scans and then we're going to look at
[59:44] how the cells are different because we
[59:46] didn't talk about scans earlier we're
[59:48] supposed to talk about those at the very
[59:50] beginning and i thought it fit better
[59:51] here
[59:52] so these are some cancer terms you might
[59:54] know them like nephro means kidney blast
[59:57] means aggressive and oma means tumor
[01:00:00] that's an aggressive cancer of the
[01:00:02] kidney retina i blast aggressive oma
[01:00:07] tumor and onco means cancer
[01:00:10] okay
[01:00:11] these are the scans
[01:00:13] they're used for a lot of things don't
[01:00:14] get me wrong but for
[01:00:16] cancer
[01:00:18] this one is very helpful the pet scan
[01:00:19] because it uses glucose and we just
[01:00:22] talked about that glucose is used by the
[01:00:24] mitochondria to make atp
[01:00:26] right
[01:00:27] so that means it's telling you the cell
[01:00:29] is alive
[01:00:31] the other scans cannot do that so i'm
[01:00:33] going to ask you to know that a pet scan
[01:00:35] tells you if the cell is alive
[01:00:37] ultrasound uses sound it's very
[01:00:40] non-damaging no radiation
[01:00:42] cat scan if you're not going to take an
[01:00:44] x-ray of a bone
[01:00:46] then you're going to need a contrast so
[01:00:48] if you do an upper or lower gi you're
[01:00:50] going to need a barium contrast which is
[01:00:52] an
[01:00:53] isotope which has a different number of
[01:00:57] neutrons
[01:00:58] um and then mri uses magnets because it
[01:01:01] pulls get it or not this is crazy on the
[01:01:03] hydrogen
[01:01:05] it's slightly polar at the end of the
[01:01:07] molecule and it will rotate
[01:01:09] and then how fast it rotates back when
[01:01:11] the magnet cuts off
[01:01:13] gives the computer an image
[01:01:15] you know what's amazing who thought this
[01:01:17] up
[01:01:18] that's what's so amazing so just know
[01:01:20] that little bit about those scans just
[01:01:22] what i said no more detail
[01:01:26] and know that pet scans are unique
[01:01:28] because they tell if the cell is alive
[01:01:30] here are the four
[01:01:33] characteristics of cancer
[01:01:35] so differentiation means each cell has
[01:01:38] its own unique job and we're going to
[01:01:40] talk about that in tissues next
[01:01:42] but each cell has its own job nerve
[01:01:45] tissue does different than muscle tissue
[01:01:47] does different than epithelial tissue
[01:01:49] does different than connective tissue
[01:01:51] okay so different number of genes in the
[01:01:54] dna of those tissues would be turned on
[01:01:56] that is called differentiation get it
[01:01:59] different
[01:02:01] when a cell becomes cancerous
[01:02:03] it just
[01:02:04] refuses to do its job
[01:02:07] it just turns all that off
[01:02:09] and sits there and eats your groceries
[01:02:11] and gives you trash to take out
[01:02:14] and even if the tumor is benign which
[01:02:16] means it's not spreading
[01:02:19] it still can kill you because it can
[01:02:21] it can just wear you out
[01:02:24] right
[01:02:24] benign tumors can kill you because they
[01:02:26] can press on nerves they can press on
[01:02:28] blood flow
[01:02:29] benign doesn't mean it can't kill you
[01:02:31] just means it's not spreading
[01:02:33] abnormal nuclei so say this was a pap
[01:02:36] smear this these are normal epithelials
[01:02:38] here
[01:02:39] look at this normal epithelials mixed
[01:02:41] with cancer cells see the difference
[01:02:44] is that crazy and
[01:02:46] very clear in this one same smear from
[01:02:49] the same person healthy
[01:02:52] cancerous
[01:02:54] yeah almost looks evil doesn't it so
[01:02:57] abnormal nuclei
[01:02:59] unlimited division
[01:03:01] okay so they d differentiate
[01:03:04] they and telomeres are the protective
[01:03:06] caps on the end of chromosomes
[01:03:09] for some way
[01:03:11] once the cell becomes cancerous it can
[01:03:13] turn on the
[01:03:15] telomerase gene
[01:03:17] so genes make proteins
[01:03:19] it turns on that gene and you know it's
[01:03:21] an enzyme because it ends in ase right
[01:03:23] telomerase
[01:03:25] and that enzyme is going to put what
[01:03:27] telomeres back on your chromosomes
[01:03:30] so one of the main things of aging is
[01:03:32] the wearing away of our chromosomes
[01:03:35] every time we go through dna replication
[01:03:38] for mitosis
[01:03:40] you lose chromosomes you lose genes
[01:03:43] that's why we age
[01:03:45] and that's one of the reasons we age
[01:03:47] that's one of the main reasons
[01:03:49] so once the cell becomes cancerous it
[01:03:51] can divide unlimited
[01:03:53] speed up mitosis remember speeds up
[01:03:55] mitosis and stops apoptosis
[01:03:58] and it turns on the telomerase gene
[01:04:00] which then puts the telomeres back on
[01:04:02] the chromosomes and it can live forever
[01:04:04] it's um well until it kills its host
[01:04:07] and then the last one tumor forms which
[01:04:09] you know
[01:04:10] but tumors aren't always visible they're
[01:04:12] not always on the outside they can go on
[01:04:14] the inside what that means is cells are
[01:04:16] supposed to stop growing say you have a
[01:04:18] cut on your arm
[01:04:20] when that cut heals the cells know to
[01:04:22] stop healing right stop growing tissue
[01:04:24] that's normal but when it's cancerous it
[01:04:27] doesn't do that it just keeps growing
[01:04:28] and growing and growing and then that
[01:04:31] tumor can do all sorts of damage in the
[01:04:34] body or grow outside of the body
[01:04:41] [Music]
[01:04:45] you