# BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Modern life' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocab!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3wvlot7tsk
Translation: zh-TW

[00:06] Hello, this is 6-Minute English from BBC Learning English.
  大家好，這裡是 BBC Learning English 的 6 分鐘英語。

[00:06] I'm Neil.
  我是尼爾。

[00:10] And I'm Rob.
  我是羅伯。

[00:11] As well as bringing the world to a halt, the coronavirus epidemic has led to an increase in misinformation, lies, and conspiracy theories on the internet.
  除了讓世界停擺之外，新冠病毒的流行還導致網路上錯誤資訊、謊言和陰謀論的增加。

[00:20] In an era of fake news,
  在假新聞的時代，

[00:23] where even the President of the United States is accused of spreading misinformation,
  即使是美國總統也被指控散播錯誤資訊，

[00:27] could it be that we are living through a crisis in trust?
  我們是否正經歷信任危機？

[00:27] What is trust, and who should we place our trust in?
  什麼是信任，我們又該信任誰？

[00:32] These are some of the questions we'll be discussing in this programme.
  這些是我們將在本節目中討論的一些問題。

[00:38] And, we'll be hearing from a philosopher who believes the problem is not about trust itself, but about trustworthiness—the ability to be trusted as being honest and reliable.
  而且，我們將聽到一位哲學家的看法，他認為問題不在於信任本身，而在於可信度——作為一個誠實可靠的人值得被信任的能力。

[00:50] And, as always, we'll be learning some related vocabulary along the way.
  而且，一如往常，我們也會學習一些相關的詞彙。

[00:54] Of course, telling lies and lacking trustworthiness is nothing new.
  當然，說謊和缺乏可信度並非新鮮事。

[00:54] Just think of the Trojan Horse used to trick the ancient Greeks.
  想想用於欺騙古希臘人的特洛伊木馬。

[01:01] More recently, the American financier Bernie Madoff became infamous as the biggest swindler in history.
  最近，美國金融家伯尼·麥道夫成為史上最大騙子的惡名昭彰。

[01:05] In 2009, he was sentenced
  2009年，他被判刑

[01:11] to 150 years in prison for his part in the Ponzi scam.
  判處他因參與龐氏騙局而入獄150年。

[01:11] But how much did he defraud from investors?
  但他從投資者那裡詐騙了多少錢？

[01:18] That's my quiz question.
  這是我的小測驗問題。

[01:18] Was it: A. $6.5 million?
  是：A. 650萬美元？

[01:23] B. $65 million? C. $65 billion?
  B. 6500萬美元？C. 650億美元？

[01:29] Hmm, I'll say B, $65 million.
  嗯，我會選B，6500萬美元。

[01:34] Okay, Rob, we'll come back to that later.
  好的，羅布，我們稍後再回來談這個。

[01:34] Generally speaking, trust can be described as a judgment that someone can be believed and relied upon.
  總的來說，信任可以被描述為一種判斷，認為某人是值得信賴和依靠的。

[01:39] When we trust each other, it makes life easier, quicker, and friendlier.
  當我們彼此信任時，生活會變得更輕鬆、更快捷、更友好。

[01:47] Society can't function without trust.
  沒有信任，社會就無法運轉。

[01:47] So does that mean the more trust, the better?
  那麼，信任越多就越好嗎？

[01:54] Well, not according to philosopher Onora O'Neill.
  嗯，根據哲學家奧諾拉·奧尼爾的說法並非如此。

[01:57] Here he is speaking to David Edmonds, presenter of the BBC World Service program The Big Idea:
  在這裡，他正在與BBC世界服務節目《大想法》的主持人大衛·埃德蒙茲交談：

[02:04] We have another word, which is 'gullible.'
  我們還有另一個詞，那就是「易受騙」。

[02:04] And if you simply place trust indiscriminately without making a judgment about whether the other person or institution is trustworthy,
  如果你只是不加區別地信任，而不去判斷另一個人或機構是否值得信賴，

[02:16] then just trusting to luck, as we say, is probably not a virtue.
  那麼，正如我們所說，僅僅依靠運氣，可能不是一種美德。

[02:21] There's a difference between trusting someone because you have good reason to believe them and being gullible—that's easy to deceive because you trust and believe people too quickly.
  信任某人是因為你有充分的理由相信他們，與輕信他人——因為你太快地信任和相信別人而容易被欺騙——是有區別的。

[02:31] If you don't judge who is trustworthy and who is not, you are trusting to luck, simply believing or hoping that things will happen for the best.
  如果你不判斷誰是值得信賴的，誰不是，你就是在依靠運氣，僅僅相信或希望事情會朝好的方向發展。

[02:40] But being gullible and trusting to luck is exactly how Bernie Madoff was able to trick so many people into giving him their money.
  但輕信和依靠運氣，正是伯尼·麥道夫能夠欺騙這麼多人把錢交給他的方式。

[02:47] Their biggest mistake was to trust him indiscriminately, in a way that does not show care or judgment, usually with harmful results.
  他們最大的錯誤是毫無差別地信任他，一種不表現出關心或判斷力的方式，通常會帶來有害的結果。

[02:58] So if indiscriminately trusting people is such a bad idea, how do we avoid it?
  那麼，如果毫無差別地信任他人是一個如此糟糕的主意，我們該如何避免呢？

[03:04] How can we tell who is trustworthy and who is not?
  我們如何才能分辨出誰是值得信賴的，誰不是呢？

[03:04] Here's the BBC World Service's The Big Idea presenter David Edmonds asking Onora O'Neill to give some details:
  BBC世界服務台的《大想法》節目主持人David Edmonds正在請Onora O'Neill提供一些細節：

[03:14] An individual or organization is trustworthy if they can justifiably
  個人或組織如果能夠合理地

[03:19] be trusted. To be trustworthy, they need three ingredients.
  值得信賴。要值得信賴，他們需要三種要素。

[03:26] First, honesty—people have to be able to believe what they're told.
  第一，誠實——人們必須能夠相信他們所聽到的話。

[03:26] Second, competence—beyond honesty and competence, there's a third element to trustworthiness: reliability.
  第二，能力——除了誠實和能力之外，還有第三個值得信賴的要素：可靠性。

[03:35] That's the boring one: that's just being honest and competent each time.
  那就是無趣的那一點：那就是每次都誠實且有能力。

[03:43] So that it's not enough to be episodically honest and competent for some of the things you claim to be able to do, but not others.
  所以，對於你聲稱能夠做的一些事情，偶爾誠實且有能力，但對另一些則不然，這是不足夠的。

[03:49] Philosopher Onora O'Neill identifies three ingredients for trustworthiness: honesty, competence, and reliability.
  哲學家 Onora O'Neill 指出了值得信賴的三個要素：誠實、能力和可靠性。

[03:57] Competence means the ability to do something well.
  能力意味著能夠做好某件事。

[04:01] You would trust a car mechanic to fix your broken car engine, but you wouldn't go to them for dental work—they're not competent to remove your tooth like a dentist is.
  你會信任汽車修理工來修理你損壞的汽車引擎，但你不會找他們做牙科手術——他們不像牙醫那樣有能力拔牙。

[04:10] And you wouldn't trust your dentist to fix your broken-down car either.
  你也不會信任你的牙醫來修理你拋錨的汽車。

[04:10] Onora O'Neill also mentions reliability: being trustworthy because you behave well all the time and keep all the promises you make.
  Onora O'Neill 也提到了可靠性：因為你一直表現良好並信守所有承諾，所以值得信賴。

[04:23] It's the combination of these three—being honest, competent, and reliable—that make someone truly trustworthy.
  這三者的結合——誠實、有能力且可靠——才使一個人真正值得信賴。

[04:29] And not someone like Bernie Madoff, who would run off with your money and entire life savings.
  而不是像伯尼·麥道夫那樣的人，他會捲走你的錢財和畢生的積蓄。

[04:35] All of which brings me to my quiz question.
  這一切都引出了我的測驗問題。

[04:35] Do you remember, Rob?
  你還記得嗎，羅布？

[04:39] Yeah, I do.
  是的，我記得。

[04:39] You asked how much Bernie Madoff stole from the American investors he lied to, and I said B, $65 million.
  你問伯尼·麥道夫從他欺騙過的美國投資者那裡偷了多少錢，我說B，6500萬美元。

[04:42] But in fact, it was C, $65 billion—a lot of money to give to such an untrustworthy man.
  但事實上，是C，650億美元——給這樣一個不可信的人這麼多錢。

[04:54] So we've been discussing whether there is a crisis of trust and are asking how to know who is trustworthy—able to be trusted as honest, competent, and reliable.
  所以我們一直在討論是否存在信任危機，並詢問如何知道誰是值得信賴的——能夠被信任為誠實、有能力且可靠。

[05:05] Placing your trust in someone trustworthy is very different from being gullible: easy to trick because you trust and believe people too quickly.
  將信任寄託在值得信賴的人身上，與輕信他人非常不同：輕信他人很容易被欺騙，因為你太快地信任和相信別人。

[05:13] And it can also be unhelpful to trust things to luck, simply hope or believe that everything will work out for the best.
  將事情寄託於運氣，僅僅希望或相信一切都會順利發展，這也可能無益。

[05:21] Both of these problems come about when people trust indiscriminately, in an unsystematic way that does not show care.
  這兩個問題都發生在人們毫無差別地信任時，以一種不系統、不謹慎的方式。

[05:29] or judgment, usually with harmful results, as Bernie Madoff's victims found out to their cost.
  或判斷，通常會帶來有害的結果，正如伯納德·馬多夫的受害者為此付出了沉重代價一樣。

[05:35] But luckily, there are many trustworthy people around, and we can spot them using three criteria:
  但幸運的是，周圍有很多值得信賴的人，我們可以通過三個標準來識別他們：

[05:41] honesty (in other words, not lying), competence, and reliability.
  誠實（換句話說，不說謊）、能力和可靠性。

[05:45] Competence means an ability to do something well in the correct and effective way.
  能力是指能夠以正確有效的方式將某事做好。

[05:52] And reliability means being honest and competent all the time—not just being honest sometimes or reliable in some actions but not others.
  而可靠性則意味著始終誠實和有能力——不僅僅是偶爾誠實或在某些行為上可靠，而在其他方面則不然。

[06:00] That's all for 6 Minute English. Bye for now!
  以上是本期 6 Minute English 的全部內容。再見！

[06:03] Bye-bye!
  拜拜！

[06:10] Hello, and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Alice.
  大家好，歡迎收聽 6 Minute English。我是愛麗絲。

[06:13] And I'm Rob. Now Alice, what did you get up to at the weekend?
  我是羅伯。愛麗絲，妳週末做了些什麼？

[06:16] Oh, I did some spring cleaning, which means cleaning a place very well,
  哦，我做了一些大掃除，這意味著把一個地方打掃得很乾淨，

[06:21] especially places you don't clean often. So I was tidying up my wardrobe, trying to organize things, and suddenly hundreds of shoes tumbled on my head!
  特別是那些你不常打掃的地方。所以我正在整理我的衣櫃，試圖整理東西，突然幾百雙鞋子從我頭上滾落下來！

[06:30] Poor Alice! But why do you have so many shoes, and why do you keep them at the top of your wardrobe? I only have three pairs.
  可憐的愛麗絲！但你為什麼有這麼多鞋子，又為什麼把牠們放在衣櫃頂部？我只有三雙。

[06:38] I like to match my shoes to my outfit, and three pairs wouldn't do the trick. Well, the subject of today's show is having too much stuff.
  我喜歡根據我的服裝搭配我的鞋子，而三雙鞋子是不夠的。嗯，今天節目的主題是東西太多了。

[06:47] And you're making me feel guilty, Rob. You must have too much of something.
  而且你讓我覺得很內疚，羅伯。你一定是有太多某樣東西了。

[06:52] Yes, plastic bags. I think they're useful, but they're getting out of hand.
  是的，塑膠袋。我認為牠們很有用，但牠們已經失控了。

[06:54] That means not under control—they're taking over my kitchen.
  這意味著不受控制——牠們正在佔領我的廚房。

[07:00] You can recycle plastic bags, you know, Rob.
  你知道的，羅伯，你可以回收塑膠袋。

[07:03] Uh, well, you can recycle shoes too, you know, Alice.
  呃，嗯，愛麗絲，你知道的，你也可以回收鞋子。

[07:05] Oh yes.
  哦，是的。

[07:06] Now, in general, I don't have a lot of clutter in my flat. That means an untidy collection of objects.
  現在，總的來說，我的公寓裡沒有太多雜物。這意味著一堆凌亂的物品。

[07:11] Clutter makes it harder to find the things you need, and it makes moving house a nightmare—all those boxes full of things you don't need.
  雜物讓尋找所需物品變得更困難，而且搬家也變成一場惡夢——那些裝滿你不需要的物品的箱子。

[07:21] Good point. I have a friend who suggested the three-bucket system. You sort things into three different buckets: one you label as "to keep," one as "to get rid of," and one
  說得對。我有一個朋友建議了三桶系統。你將物品分類到三個不同的桶裡：一個標記為「要保留」，一個標記為「要丟棄」，還有一個

[07:34] As maybe to get rid of.
  也許是為了擺脫。

[07:34] Get rid of, by the way, means to remove something you don't want.
  順帶一提，擺脫意味著移除你不想要的東西。

[07:41] It's the maybe bucket that's tricky,
  棘手的是那個「也許」的儲物桶，

[07:43] isn't it?
  不是嗎？

[07:43] You never know if you might need something in the future.
  你永遠不知道將來是否可能需要某樣東西。

[07:46] Yes, it would need to be a big bucket too.
  是的，那也需要一個大儲物桶。

[07:48] Yes, it would.
  是的，確實需要。

[07:48] Well, I think we could all live better with less.
  嗯，我認為我們都可以過著更少卻更好的生活。

[07:53] Okay, well let's have today's quiz question before we talk about decluttering our lives.
  好的，那麼在我們談論整理生活之前，先來個今天的測驗問題吧。

[07:53] Which word, Alice, means a belief that physical possessions are the most important thing in life?
  愛麗絲，哪個詞意味著相信物質財富是生活中最重要的事情？

[07:59] Is it:
  是：

[08:05] A. Metaphysics?
  A. 形上學？

[08:05] B. Materialism?
  B. 唯物主義？

[08:08] C. Existentialism?
  C. 存在主義？

[08:11] Okay, I think it's B, materialism.
  好的，我認為是 B，唯物主義。

[08:17] Okay, well, we'll find out if you got the answer right or wrong later on in the show.
  好的，嗯，我們稍後在節目中會揭曉你是否答對了。

[08:17] Now let's listen to Bea Johnson, author of Zero Waste Home, talking about how she and her family have adopted a minimalist, or deliberately simple, lifestyle in their California home.
  現在讓我們聽聽《零浪費居家》的作者 Bea Johnson 談談她和她的家人如何在加州的家中採行極簡主義，或是有意簡樸的生活方式。

[08:36] We've really asked ourselves, what is it that we really need?
  我們真的問了自己，我們真正需要的是什麼？

[08:39] We've asked really true questions and, uh, evaluated every single thing that we have.
  我們問了真正真實的問題，並，嗯，評估了我們所擁有的一切。

[08:44] There is nothing that we overlook.
  沒有什麼是我們忽略的。

[08:51] I, uh, even came to one day look at my, uh, vegetable peeler, for example, and ask myself, do I really need that vegetable peeler?
  我，嗯，有一天甚至看著我的，嗯，削皮器，例如，並問自己，我真的需要那個削皮器嗎？

[08:59] So one day, Bea Johnson decided to evaluate or to judge the importance of something to see if she needed it.
  所以有一天，Bea Johnson 決定評估或判斷某件事的重要性，看看她是否需要它。

[09:06] She evaluated her vegetable peeler and decided to put it in the "get rid of" bucket.
  她評估了她的削皮器，並決定將其放入「丟掉」的桶子裡。

[09:12] Yes, and overlook something means not to see it.
  是的，忽略某事意味著看不到它。

[09:16] Now, I don't blame Bea at all because I don't like peeling vegetables either.
  現在，我一點也不怪 Bea，因為我也不喜歡削蔬菜。

[09:20] And you can actually get the benefit of the vitamins and minerals by eating the skins.
  而且你實際上可以透過吃皮來獲得維生素和礦物質的好處。

[09:25] Very healthy, Rob.
  非常健康，Rob。

[09:27] We can really live with fewer things, but some people can't help looking for the latest version of something or go for designer goods.
  我們真的可以少過日子，但有些人忍不住會尋找最新款的東西或購買設計師品牌商品。

[09:36] James Wallman warns us about this.
  詹姆斯·沃爾曼警告我們這一點。

[09:36] He wonders how much stuff is too much.
  他想知道多少東西才算太多。

[09:43] This thing about need is such a dangerous term because what do you need?
  關於「需要」這件事是一個危險的詞，因為你到底需要什麼？

[09:47] And I'm not anti-stuff.
  我不是反對物品。

[09:47] Stuff is good.
  物品是好的。

[09:47] I'm anti-too much stuff, and I'm anti-the wrong stuff.
  我反對過多的物品，也反對錯誤的物品。

[09:52] Don't go out and buy that labelled 'good' that you think is going to make people think something more of you.
  不要出去買那些標榜為「好」的東西，而你認為這些東西會讓別人對你另眼相看。

[09:57] That's not going to make you happy.
  那不會讓你快樂。

[10:03] James Wallman there.
  詹姆斯·沃爾曼剛才說的。

[10:03] Now Alice, do you buy labelled goods?
  現在愛麗絲，你會買名牌商品嗎？

[10:08] I'm afraid I do.
  恐怕我會。

[10:08] Labelled goods, or products, are the ones with a famous brand name like Gucci, Dior, Prada, etc.
  名牌商品，或稱產品，就是那些有著名品牌名稱的，例如 Gucci、Dior、Prada 等等。

[10:15] But I do think James Wallman is right.
  但我確實認為詹姆斯·沃爾曼說得對。

[10:15] Buying things just because other people have them, for example, doesn't make us happy.
  例如，僅僅因為別人擁有某樣東西就去購買，並不會讓我們快樂。

[10:24] Yeah, that's true.
  是的，那是真的。

[10:24] But as he says, not everything is the wrong stuff.
  但正如他所說，並非所有東西都是錯誤的東西。

[10:24] For example, I'm very fond of my large schoolboy collection of superhero comics.
  例如，我非常喜歡我小時候收藏的大量超級英雄漫畫。

[10:29] I might not need them, but they make me happy.
  我可能不需要它們，但它們讓我快樂。

[10:35] So, what stuff makes you happy, Alice?
  那麼，愛麗絲，什麼東西讓你快樂呢？

[10:39] Oh well, I like my music CDs and my books.
  嗯，我喜歡我的音樂 CD 和我的書。

[10:39] Even though I've got the music on an MP3 player and I don't often pull a book out from the bookcase.
  儘管我已經把音樂存在 MP3 播放器裡，而且我也不常從書架上拿出書來。

[10:47] They have sentimental value, don't they?
  它們有情感價值，不是嗎？

[10:50] Yes And that means the importance of something because of a personal or emotional feeling that we attach to it.
  是的，這意味著某樣東西的重要性，是因為我們對它產生了個人或情感上的連結。

[10:53] Well, I sold all my music CDs online ages ago.
  嗯，我很久以前就在網路上賣掉了我所有的音樂 CD。

[10:59] Oh, well, that sounds like the sensible thing to do.
  哦，嗯，這聽起來是明智的做法。

[10:59] Okay, I think it's time for the answer to today's quiz question, Rob.
  好的，我想是時候回答今天的測驗問題了，Rob。

[11:06] Yes, I asked you which word means a belief that physical possessions are the most important thing in life.
  是的，我問你哪個詞的意思是相信物質財富是生活中最重要的事情。

[11:06] Is it: A. Metaphysics?
  它是：A. 形上學？

[11:15] B. Materialism?
  B. 唯物論？

[11:15] C. Existentialism?
  C. 存在主義？

[11:19] And I said B, materialism.
  我說了 B，唯物論。

[11:22] And you were right, Alice. Well done.
  你說對了，Alice。做得好。

[11:22] The answer is indeed B, materialism.
  答案確實是 B，唯物論。

[11:26] This is the word used to refer to a desire for material things and wealth and little or no interest in ethical values.
  這個詞用來指對物質和財富的渴望，而對道德價值觀幾乎不感興趣。

[11:32] Now, can we hear the words we learned today, please, Alice?
  現在，我們能聽聽我們今天學到的詞嗎，Alice？

[11:38] Yes, of course. They are:
  是的，當然。它們是：

[11:41] Spring cleaning out of hand.
  春季大掃除失控了。

[11:46] Clutter get rid of.
  清除雜物。

[11:50] Materialism minimalist.
  物質主義極簡主義。

[11:54] Evaluate overlook.
  評估忽略。

[11:57] Labelled sentimental value.
  標記情感價值。

[12:02] Well, that's the end of today's 6-Minute English.
  好了，今天的六分鐘英語就到這裡了。

[12:02] Don't forget to join us again soon.
  別忘了很快再加入我們。

[12:02] Bye for now!
  再見！

[12:07] Bye bye!
  拜拜！

[12:14] I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English.
  我是羅伯。歡迎收聽六分鐘英語。

[12:14] I'm joined today by Finn.
  今天和我一起的是芬恩。

[12:14] Hello, Finn.
  你好，芬恩。

[12:19] Yeah, hi Rob.
  是的，嗨，羅伯。

[12:19] You know, I'm happy you called me to present this program with you because I was there by my desk feeling a bit bored.
  你知道，我很高興你叫我跟你一起主持這個節目，因為我當時坐在書桌旁，感覺有點無聊。

[12:31] Great yawn, Finn.
  真是個大哈欠，芬恩。

[12:32] Yeah, now a yawn, of course, is a typical reaction of someone who is bored.
  是的，當然，打哈欠是無聊的人的典型反應。

[12:37] Yeah, it's when you open your mouth wide and take some air in and slowly out.
  是的，就是你張大嘴巴，慢慢地吸氣再吐氣。

[12:46] Okay, well let's make this program all about boredom, shall we?
  好的，那我們就把這個節目全部關於無聊，好嗎？

[12:49] And I'll start by stimulating your imagination.
  我會先激發你的想像力。

[12:53] Thank you, but how are you going to make me excited and interested in something, Rob?
  謝謝，但你要怎麼讓我對某件事感到興奮和感興趣呢，Rob？

[12:59] Okay, well how about I challenge you to a question that you might not know the answer to?
  好的，那我問你一個你可能不知道答案的問題，怎麼樣？

[13:04] Okay, well you can try.
  好的，你可以試試。

[13:04] Go on then.
  來吧。

[13:07] Well, I know you like the theatre.
  嗯，我知道你喜歡戲劇。

[13:09] I do, but it has to be an exciting play or I get restless.
  我喜歡，但必須是令人興奮的戲劇，否則我會坐立不安。

[13:14] Ah, restless.
  啊，坐立不安。

[13:14] You mean unable to sit still because you get bored or worried even?
  你的意思是坐立不安，因為你感到無聊或甚至擔心？

[13:19] Okay, well I wonder how you'd feel watching the longest continuous play recorded.
  好的，我想知道你看有記錄以來最長的連續劇時會有什麼感覺。

[13:24] Well, that's quite an offer.
  嗯，這真是個不錯的提議。

[13:24] Um, what do you mean?
  嗯，你說的是什麼意思？

[13:27] Well, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the longest continuous dramatic performance was held in New Jersey in the US in 2010.
  嗯，根據金氏世界紀錄，最長的連續戲劇表演於 2010 年在美國新澤西州舉行。

[13:33] But do you know how long the cast for "The Bald Soprano" by Eugène Ionesco was on stage for?
  但你知道尤金·尤內斯科的《禿髮歌女》的演員們在舞台上待了多久嗎？

[13:40] Was it for about a) 8 hours, b) 17 hours, or c) 23 hours?
  是大概 a) 8 小時，b) 17 小時，還是 c) 23 小時？

[13:50] Wow, they're all pretty long.
  哇，它們都相當長。

[13:50] Um, I'll say b) 17 hours, Rob.
  嗯，我會說 b) 17 小時，Rob。

[13:56] Goodness.
  天啊。

[13:56] Right, okay, well I'll let you know the answer at the end of the program.
  好的，好的，我會在節目結束時告訴你答案。

[14:01] Now let's talk more about boredom.
  現在讓我們多談談無聊。

[14:01] I think this is a feeling we have to learn how to cope with.
  我認為這是一種我們必須學會如何應對的感覺。

[14:07] Yes, we have to learn to deal with this situation successfully, to cope with it.
  是的，我們必須學會成功地處理這種情況，應對它。

[14:07] But people often feel they want to change their life, to change their job.
  但人們經常覺得他們想改變生活，改變工作。

[14:13] They might feel stuck in a rut.
  他們可能會覺得陷入了困境。

[14:19] That's a good phrase, stuck in a rut.
  這是一個很好的說法，陷入了困境。

[14:19] So you mean you have become too fixed in one kind of job?
  所以你的意思是你在一種工作中變得太固定了？

[14:25] Yes.
  是的。

[14:25] You know, Rob, even I sometimes dream of something a bit more exciting, like being a professional diver or maybe even a pilot of a really fast plane.
  你知道，Rob，即使有時候我也夢想著一些更刺激的事情，比如成為一名專業潛水員，或者也許是一名駕駛真正快飛機的飛行員。

[14:37] Well, guess what?
  嗯，猜猜怎麼著？

[14:37] Even pilots get bored, you know, not when they're flying anyway.
  即使是飛行員也會感到無聊，你知道，反正他們在飛行時不會。

[14:42] Wrong, when they're up in the air.
  錯了，當他們在空中時。

[14:44] No way, really?
  不可能，真的嗎？

[14:44] I don't believe you.
  我不相信你。

[14:46] Well, Missy Cummings, an American, was a fighter pilot.
  嗯，Missy Cummings，一位美國人，曾是一名戰鬥機飛行員。

[14:46] Listen to the phrasal verb she uses,
  聽聽她使用的短語動詞，

[14:53] meaning to stop being bored at least for a while.
  意味著至少在一段時間內停止感到無聊。

[14:57] Is there ever time for a fighter pilot to get bored?
  戰鬥機飛行員有時間感到無聊嗎？

[15:00] Oh my gosh, sure. For the same reasons the commercial pilots get bored.
  哦我的天啊，當然。和商業飛行員感到無聊的原因一樣。

[15:05] These fighter jets are very automated when it comes to just holding altitude and heading.
  這些戰鬥機在保持高度和航向上非常自動化。

[15:09] So you'd turn everything on autopilot, and I probably listened to more Oprah Winfrey TV shows on the high frequency radios.
  所以你會打開自動駕駛，我可能在高頻無線電上聽了更多奧普拉·溫弗瑞的電視節目。

[15:16] And so you get good about using the technology to figure out how to stave off that boredom.
  所以你擅長利用科技來找出如何擺脫那種無聊。

[15:20] Ah, so she listened to a show hosted by the American presenter Oprah Winfrey on the radio to stave off her boredom.
  啊，所以她透過無線電聽了由美國主持人奧普拉·溫弗瑞主持的節目來打發她的無聊。

[15:26] Now, to stave off means to stop or to keep an unpleasant feeling away, in this case, she means boredom.
  現在，打發（stave off）的意思是停止或讓不愉快的感覺遠離，在這種情況下，她指的是無聊。

[15:32] Yes, indeed. But some experts think there's something good about feeling bored.
  是的，確實如此。但有些專家認為感到無聊也有好處。

[15:36] Really?
  真的嗎？

[15:41] Let's hear what Tiffany Watt Smith has to say.
  讓我們聽聽蒂芬妮·瓦特·史密斯怎麼說。

[15:46] She works for the Center for the History of Emotions at Queen Mary University of London.
  她在倫敦瑪麗女王大學的情感歷史中心工作。

[15:50] Pay attention to the word she uses to describe what boredom does to people.
  請注意她用來描述無聊對人們有何影響的詞語。

[15:56] On the one hand, people are worried about being under-occupied and bored.
  一方面，人們擔心自己無事可做而感到無聊。

[16:00] On the other, there is a set of anxieties about us not having any more downtime.
  另一方面，我們又擔心自己沒有更多的閒暇時間。

[16:04] You know, we can constantly check our phones at the bus stop.
  你知道，我們可以在公車站不停地查看手機。

[16:04] Everything is to be filled.
  一切都要被填滿。

[16:08] And what does that do to our minds?
  這對我們的大腦有什麼影響？

[16:08] I think boredom is a very useful emotion.
  我認為無聊是一種非常有用的情緒。

[16:14] It's an emotion which spurs people on to change something about their environment.
  它是一種能激勵人們改變周遭環境的情緒。

[16:14] If you're bored, it gives rise to creativity.
  如果你感到無聊，它就會激發創造力。

[16:21] So boredom spurs people on to change something.
  所以無聊會激勵人們去改變。

[16:21] Now, to spur on means to stimulate or to encourage someone to do something.
  那麼，激勵就是刺激或鼓勵某人做某事。

[16:32] So, what are you going to do, Finn?
  那麼，你打算做什麼，Finn？

[16:32] How will you change your life?
  你將如何改變你的生活？

[16:35] Change my life?
  改變我的生活？

[16:35] Okay, two things.
  好的，兩件事。

[16:35] The first one is I want to know if I got that question right.
  第一件事是我想知道我是否正確回答了那個問題。

[16:41] Well, I said at the beginning of the program that the longest continuous dramatic performance was held in New Jersey, US in 2010.
  嗯，我在節目一開始就說過，最長的連續戲劇表演於 2010 年在美國新澤西州舉行。

[16:45] And I asked you how long the cast was on stage for to play "The Bald Soprano" by Eugène Ionesco?
  我問你，演員們為了演出 Eugène Ionesco 的《禿頭歌女》在舞台上待了多久？

[16:56] Yes, the options were 8 hours, 17 hours, and 23 hours, I think.
  是的，選項是八小時、十七小時，還有我認為的二十三小時。

[16:56] And I said 17.
  我說了十七小時。

[16:56] Was I right?
  我說對了嗎？

[17:04] You were not.
  你沒有說對。

[17:05] Oh no!
  哦不！

[17:06] It was even longer.
  它甚至更長。

[17:07] Oh wow, okay.
  哦，哇，好的。

[17:08] According to the Guinness Book of Records, the play lasted 23 hours, 33 minutes, and 54 seconds.
  根據金氏世界紀錄，該劇持續了二十三小時三十三分五十四秒。

[17:13] It was achieved by the 27 O'Clock Players, who performed "The Bald Soprano" at Belmar, New Jersey, USA on the 27th of July, 2010.
  這是由「27 O'Clock Players」創下的紀錄，他們於 2010 年 7 月 27 日在新澤西州貝爾馬表演了《禿髮歌女》。

[17:19] Anyway, Finn, what's the second thing you're going to do to stave off your boredom?
  總之，Finn，你打算做什麼來打發你的無聊？

[17:30] You know what, Rob? I'm going to book myself a fantastic holiday.
  你知道嗎，Rob？我要預訂一個很棒的假期。

[17:30] Maybe I could start with a visit to Patagonia in Argentina to see the penguins.
  也許我可以先去阿根廷的巴塔哥尼亞看看企鵝。

[17:41] Yeah, sounds very exciting.
  是的，聽起來很令人興奮。

[17:41] But before you head off to Patagonia, could you remind us of some of the English words we've heard today?
  但在你前往巴塔哥尼亞之前，你能提醒我們今天聽到的一些英文單字嗎？

[17:48] We heard: yawn, stimulating, restless, to cope with, stuck in a rut, to stave off, to spur on.
  我們聽到了：yawn（打哈欠）、stimulating（刺激的）、restless（焦躁不安的）、to cope with（應付）、stuck in a rut（陷入困境）、to stave off（延緩）、to spur on（鼓勵）。

[18:00] Thanks, Finn. That's it for this program. I hope you didn't find it boring.
  謝謝你，芬恩。本節目到此結束。希望你沒有覺得它很無聊。

[18:04] Not at all. I loved it.
  一點也不。我喜歡。

[18:05] Please join us again soon for another 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. Bye bye.
  請盡快再次加入我們，收聽 BBC Learning English 的另一期 6 分鐘英語。再見。

[18:11] Bye.
  再見。

[18:18] Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Alice.
  歡迎收聽 6 分鐘英語。我是艾莉絲。

[18:20] And I'm Neil.
  我是尼爾。

[18:21] So, Neil, did you sleep well last night?
  那麼，尼爾，你昨晚睡得好嗎？

[18:23] Uh, yes, thanks. Why do you ask?
  呃，是的，謝謝。你為什麼這麼問？

[18:26] Today we're talking about how much sleep we need.
  今天我們在談論我們需要多少睡眠。

[18:29] Ah, I like a good eight hours myself. Ten at the weekend. How about you?
  啊，我個人喜歡睡足八小時。週末則要十小時。你呢？

[18:34] Oh, six is enough for me. But did you know this? Humans sleep around three hours less than other primates, like chimps, who sleep for about ten hours.
  哦，對我來說六小時就夠了。但你知道嗎？人類比其他靈長類動物，例如黑猩猩，每天少睡大約三小時，牠們大約睡十小時。

[18:43] So you're a chimp, Neil, at the weekends at least. Are you ready for the quiz question?
  所以你是一隻黑猩猩，尼爾，至少在週末是。你準備好回答測驗問題了嗎？

[18:55] Okay, I'll assume that means yes. Right, what's another word for sleepwalking?
  好的，我假設這表示你準備好了。對了，夢遊還有什麼別的說法？

[19:02] Is it a) narcolepsy, b) restless legs syndrome, or c) somnambulism?
  這是 a) 嗜睡症，b) 不寧腿症候群，還是 c) 夢遊症？

[19:11] I will go for b) restless legs syndrome since there's a connection with the legs.
  我會選擇 b) 不寧腿症候群，因為它與腿部有關。

[19:15] Well, we'll find out whether you're right or wrong later on in the show.
  嗯，我們稍後在節目中會知道你說的對不對。

[19:20] So, what keeps you awake at night, Neil?
  那麼，是什麼讓你晚上睡不著覺，Neil？

[19:22] Not much, to be honest.
  說實話，沒什麼。

[19:22] I usually sleep like a log, and that means very heavily indeed.
  我通常睡得很沉，而且確實睡得很沉。

[19:27] But sometimes my own snoring wakes me up, and then I can find it hard to get back to sleep.
  但有時我自己的鼾聲會把我吵醒，然後我就很難再睡著。

[19:32] Snoring, for those of you who don't know, means breathing in a noisy way through your mouth or nose while you're asleep.
  對於不知道的人來說，打鼾是指睡覺時用嘴巴或鼻子大聲呼吸。

[19:37] Like that!
  就像那樣！

[19:37] How about you, Alice?
  你呢，Alice？

[19:44] Very good, yes.
  很好，是的。

[19:44] Well, that's quite ridiculous.
  嗯，這相當可笑。

[19:44] Anyway, for me, it's drinking too much coffee during the day.
  總之，對我來說，是白天喝了太多的咖啡。

[19:49] It's the caffeine in the coffee, a chemical that makes you feel more awake, which can stop you from sleeping at night.
  是咖啡中的咖啡因，一種讓你感覺更清醒的化學物質，它會讓你晚上睡不著覺。

[19:55] But there are so many things that can keep us awake these days.
  但如今有太多事情會讓我們睡不著覺。

[20:01] Oh yes, radio, TV, techie stuff like 24-hour internet,
  哦，是的，收音機、電視、像 24 小時網路這樣的科技產品，

[20:05] Computers, smartphones.
  電腦、智慧型手機。

[20:05] I love my phone; it's never far from me.
  我愛我的手機；它從不離我遠去。

[20:09] Well, let's hear what Professor Jerome Siegel from the University of California found when he studied the sleep habits of three different hunter-gatherer communities who have very little contact with modern society.
  好吧，讓我們聽聽加州大學的傑羅姆‧西格爾教授，在研究三個與現代社會接觸甚少的不同狩獵採集社群的睡眠習慣時，有什麼發現。

[20:20] They don't have artificial light, electricity, batteries, or any of the gadgets that we rely on today.
  他們沒有人造光、電力、電池，或我們今天所依賴的任何小工具。

[20:26] Their sleep was not that different from ours.
  他們的睡眠與我們的差異不大。

[20:26] The range of sleep period was about 6.9 to 8.5 hours.
  睡眠時間的範圍大約是 6.9 到 8.5 小時。

[20:34] If you actually measure sleep in current populations in the United States or in Europe, they're definitely at the low end of what's been reported.
  如果你實際測量美國或歐洲現今人口的睡眠，他們絕對處於已報導數據的低端。

[20:46] They certainly don't sleep a lot less than we do, but they clearly don't sleep more.
  他們當然不像我們睡得那麼少，但他們顯然也不睡得更多。

[20:54] Professor Jerome Siegel found that people in these communities don't go to bed until several hours after sundown, just like us.
  傑羅姆‧西格爾教授發現，這些社群的人們直到日落後幾個小時才上床睡覺，就像我們一樣。

[20:58] But one big difference is that very few of them suffer from insomnia, which means having difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep.
  但一個很大的不同是，他們很少有人失眠，也就是難以入睡和保持睡眠。

[21:09] Now, I don't have a problem with insomnia,  

[21:12] and hunter-gatherers—people who live by hunting animals and gathering plants to eat—don't either,  

[21:17] probably because they take a lot of  physical exercise during the day.

[21:21] Yes, that's right. Taking exercise is an important factor in sleeping soundly or well at night. But  

[21:28] these days, our minds can be so active that it becomes very difficult to fall

[21:32] asleep. Let's listen to Professor Kevin Morgan from Loughborough University here in England,

[21:37] talking about how cognitive behavioural therapy can be used to help people with insomnia.

[21:44] If you have a train of thoughts which would otherwise keep you awake, one way of dealing  

[21:48] with this is to block those thoughts. What I'd like you to do is repeat the word 'the'

[21:54] in your mind at irregular intervals: the,  the, the, the, the, the, the, the. And what

[22:03] you'll find is that the mind space required to do this blocks out almost everything else.

[22:11] So, Professor Kevin Morgan suggests saying one word over and over again at irregular  

[22:16] intervals. Irregular, in this context,  means not spaced out evenly. Doing it  

[22:21] can help to block out the thoughts that are stopping you from getting to sleep.

[22:25] It sounds like a very simple  solution. I wonder if it works?

[22:29] There's one way to find  out, Neil. Try it yourself.

[22:32] I will.

[22:33] Okay, and cognitive behavioural therapy, by the way,

[22:35] is a treatment for mental health problems that tries to change the way you think.

[22:40] Well, I usually count sheep if I can't  get to sleep. Do you do that, Alice?

[22:44] No, not usually.

[22:44] Now, okay, I think it's time for the answer to our quiz question. I asked, what's another  

[22:51] word for sleepwalking? Is it a) narcolepsy, b) restless leg syndrome, or c) somnambulism?

[23:01] And I said b) restless leg syndrome.

[23:04] Sorry, Neil, it's actually c) somnambulism. The roots of this word come from Latin:  

[23:11] 'somnus' means sleep, and 'ambulare' means walk. Narcolepsy is a condition where you  

[23:17] can't stop yourself from falling  asleep, especially during the day,  

[23:21] Narcolepsy.

[23:24] And restless leg syndrome is a condition that makes you desperate to move your legs around,  

[23:29] especially when you're sitting  quietly or trying to get to sleep.

[23:33] Get to sleep.

[23:36] Neil. Wake up!

[23:41] Oh, hello. Sorry.

[23:42] Hello. Can we hear today's words again, please?

[23:46] Ah, okay. Yeah. Sleep like a log, snoring, caffeine, insomnia, hunter-gatherers,  

[23:59] soundly, irregular, cognitive behavioural therapy.

[24:07] Well, that just about brings us to the  end of this edition of 6 Minute English.  

[24:11] We hope you've enjoyed this program.  Please do join us again soon. Bye.

[24:15] Goodbye.

[24:22] Hello, I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. With me in the studio today is Neil. Hello, Neil.

[24:28] Uh, hi Rob.

[24:30] Oh, are you all right, Neil? You're  playing on your smartphone again, are you?

[24:34] Uh, what was that? Oh yeah, sorry Rob, just doing something on my smartphone. You know,  

[24:41] the kind of phone which allows you to go online.

[24:43] Oh, I can see that, but  are you waiting for a call?

[24:46] No, no, I just carry it with me at all times. Where I go, the phone goes. No phone, no Neil.

[24:53] Okay, but why do you need your phone so much?

[24:56] Why? Oh, what if I need to go somewhere? How will I find my way? What about the  

[25:02] weather? Will it rain today?  I need to know these things.

[25:05] Why don't you just look up in the sky and see if it's cloudy?

[25:10] Look up to see if it's going to rain?

[25:11] I have an app, which is short for application, a computer program for a specific purpose. My  

[25:18] app tells me the weather, and this  one does all the maths I need. And  

[25:22] here's one for translations, and this one here can tell me what's going to happen.

[25:27] Okay, okay, okay, I get the point. Today we are talking about computers, and we'll bring you some  

[25:32] words connected with the digital age.

[25:34] Connected—to connect—we use this verb a lot. It means to link  

[25:39] or join one thing to another thing. In this case, connected means linked to the internet.

[25:45] Okay, I can see you're very  excited about computers,  

[25:47] so that's what my question is all about. The first commercially produced desktop computer  

[25:53] was designed and produced by the Italian company Olivetti and presented at an event  

[25:58] in New York. When did it happen? Was  it in a) 1955, b) 1965, or c) 1975?

[26:08] Well, I think it's a) 1955.

[26:12] Very interesting. You'll get the right  answer at the end of the program. Now  

[26:16] let's talk about computers.  You can't live without them,  

[26:19] but American technology writer Nicholas Carr, the author of a book called "The Glass Cage:  

[26:25] Where Automation is Taking Us,"  thinks they might cause problems.

[26:29] Problems? They cause us problems  when they crash! That's what we  

[26:33] say when our computer suddenly stops working.

[26:36] Well, not just that. Let's listen  to Nicholas Carr. He says if we  

[26:40] rely too much on computers, we  lose something. But what is it?

[26:47] The ability of computers to do things we used to do is growing astronomically, and we're rushing  

[26:54] to hand over to computers tasks, activities, both in our work lives and in our personal lives. And  

[27:01] what you begin to see is what's often called a deskilling effect. The person becoming reliant  

[27:06] on computers—because they're not exercising their own talents—those talents begin to fade, and we  

[27:12] begin to lose, as a result, the unique things that human beings can do that computers can't:  

[27:17] feel empathy, take a broad perspective, interpret all the stuff that can't be turned into data.

[27:26] According to Nicholas Carr, using computers means that we're losing skills. He talks  

[27:31] about deskilling. A skill is the ability to do something well because we've practiced it.

[27:38] And he also talks about the loss of talent. Talent is a natural ability to do something. You didn't  

[27:44] have to learn it; you're just naturally good at it. It's something we're all born with. Carr says  

[27:50] that relying on computers means our talent is fading because we don't use it any more.

[27:55] And, he goes even further and says we're losing some of the things that make us human,  

[28:01] like empathy—the ability to imagine and understand what other people might be feeling.

[28:06] So, do you agree with this writer, Neil?

[28:08] I think he's got a point, actually. 

[28:10] It's like the friendships we make  

[28:12] on social media. It's nice to get to  know new people in different countries,  

[28:16] but we have to remember that it's important to talk to people face-to-face too.

[28:21] So, maybe we shouldn't use GPS to  find our way around all the time.

[28:26] GPS—the Global Positioning System—which gives us directions with the help of  

[28:30] satellites orbiting the Earth. Instead, have a conversation with someone, ask for directions.

[28:37] Yes, and perhaps we can give the  spell checker a miss occasionally.  

[28:41] A spell checker is a very useful piece  of software which helps us avoid making  

[28:45] spelling mistakes when we're typing on a computer. But it is good to actually  

[28:50] learn how to spell the words properly  and not leave everything to the machine.

[28:54] Good idea, Rob. I'll try not to rely so much on digital technology. Computers are here to stay,  

[29:01] and they'll become more and more sophisticated. But we have to remember they are just tools.

[29:05] Yes, computers are here to stay. And by the way, when was the first commercially  

[29:10] produced desktop computer launched? As I told you, it was designed and created by  

[29:14] Olivetti and launched in New York. But when was it launched? Was it 1955, 1965, or 1975?

[29:22] And I said 1955.

[29:25] Perhaps you should ask your smartphone because the correct answer is b) 1965.

[29:30] I don't believe it!

[29:31] The computer was called Programma 101, and it was presented at the New York World's Fair.  

[29:37] They sold 44,000 units all over the world. The initial price in the US was $3,200.

[29:45] Well, we're almost out of time,  

[29:46] so let's remind ourselves of some  of the words we said today, Neil.

[29:50] Smartphone, app, to connect, crash, skill, talent, empathy, GPS, spell checker.

[30:09] Thank you. Well, that's it for today.  Do log on to bbclearningenglish.com,  

[30:13] maybe on your smartphone, Neil, to find more 6 Minute English programs. Until next time, goodbye.

[30:19] Bye.